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AG Molekulare und Zelluläre Neuropharmakologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Göttingen, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Terlau, Heinrich, and Baldomero M. Olivera. Conus Venoms: A Rich Source of Novel Ion Channel-Targeted Peptides. Physiol Rev 84: 41–68, 2004; 10.1152/physrev.00020.2003.—The cone snails (genus Conus) are venomous marine molluscs that use small, structured peptide toxins (conotoxins) for prey capture, defense, and competitor deterrence. Each of the 500 Conus can express 
100 different conotoxins, with little overlap between species. An overwhelming majority of these peptides are probably targeted selectively to a specific ion channel. Because conotoxins discriminate between closely related subtypes of ion channels, they are widely used as pharmacological agents in ion channel research, and several have direct diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Large conotoxin families can comprise hundreds or thousands of different peptides; most families have a corresponding ion channel family target (i.e., 
-conotoxins and Ca channels, 
-conotoxins and nicotinic receptors). Different conotoxin families may have different ligand binding sites on the same ion channel target (i.e., µ-conotoxins and 
-conotoxins to sites 1 and 6 of Na channels, respectively). The individual peptides in a conotoxin family are typically each selectively targeted to a diverse set of different molecular isoforms within the same ion channel family. This review focuses on the targeting specificity of conotoxins and their differential binding to different states of an ion channel.
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C. Ulens, R. C. Hogg, P. H. Celie, D. Bertrand, V. Tsetlin, A. B. Smit, and T. K. Sixma Structural determinants of selective {alpha}-conotoxin binding to a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor homolog AChBP PNAS, March 7, 2006; 103(10): 3615 - 3620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Chen, H. L. Puhl III, S.-L. Niu, D. C. Mitchell, and S. R. Ikeda Expression of Rem2, an RGK Family Small GTPase, Reduces N-Type Calcium Current without Affecting Channel Surface Density J. Neurosci., October 19, 2005; 25(42): 9762 - 9772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. McIntosh, P. V. Plazas, M. Watkins, M. E. Gomez-Casati, B. M. Olivera, and A. B. Elgoyhen A Novel {alpha}-Conotoxin, PeIA, Cloned from Conus pergrandis, Discriminates between Rat {alpha}9{alpha}10 and {alpha}7 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors J. Biol. Chem., August 26, 2005; 280(34): 30107 - 30112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Bayrhuber, V. Vijayan, M. Ferber, R. Graf, J. Korukottu, J. Imperial, J. E. Garrett, B. M. Olivera, H. Terlau, M. Zweckstetter, et al. Conkunitzin-S1 Is the First Member of a New Kunitz-type Neurotoxin Family: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION J. Biol. Chem., June 24, 2005; 280(25): 23766 - 23770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Verdier, A. Al-Sabi, J. E. F. Rivier, B. M. Olivera, H. Terlau, and T. Carlomagno Identification of a Novel Pharmacophore for Peptide Toxins Interacting with K+ Channels J. Biol. Chem., June 3, 2005; 280(22): 21246 - 21255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. D. Santos, J. M. McIntosh, D. R. Hillyard, L. J. Cruz, and B. M. Olivera The A-superfamily of Conotoxins: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 17596 - 17606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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