| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 3, July 2000, pp. 1107-1213
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Vitamins and Fine Chemicals Division, Basel, Switzerland; Avicena Group, Cambridge; and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Pharmacology, Boston, Massachusetts
Wyss, Markus and
Rima Kaddurah-Daouk.
Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1107-1213, 2000.
The goal of
this review is to present a comprehensive survey of the many intriguing
facets of creatine (Cr) and creatinine metabolism, encompassing the
pathways and regulation of Cr biosynthesis and degradation, species and
tissue distribution of the enzymes and metabolites involved, and of the
inherent implications for physiology and human pathology. Very
recently, a series of new discoveries have been made that are bound to
have distinguished implications for bioenergetics, physiology, human
pathology, and clinical diagnosis and that suggest that deregulation of
the creatine kinase (CK) system is associated with a variety of
diseases. Disturbances of the CK system have been observed in muscle,
brain, cardiac, and renal diseases as well as in cancer. On the other
hand, Cr and Cr analogs such as cyclocreatine were found to have
antitumor, antiviral, and antidiabetic effects and to protect tissues
from hypoxic, ischemic, neurodegenerative, or muscle damage. Oral Cr ingestion is used in sports as an ergogenic aid, and some data suggest
that Cr and creatinine may be precursors of food mutagens and uremic
toxins. These findings are discussed in depth, the interrelationships
are outlined, and all is put into a broader context to provide a more
detailed understanding of the biological functions of Cr and of the CK system.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  E. Jahangir, J. A Vita, D. Handy, M. Holbrook, J. Palmisano, R. Beal, J. Loscalzo, and R. T Eberhardt The effect of l-arginine and creatine on vascular function and homocysteine metabolism Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2009; 14(3): 239 - 248. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. T. Brosnan, E. P. Wijekoon, L. Warford-Woolgar, N. L. Trottier, M. E. Brosnan, J. A. Brunton, and R. F. P. Bertolo Creatine Synthesis Is a Major Metabolic Process in Neonatal Piglets and Has Important Implications for Amino Acid Metabolism and Methyl Balance J. Nutr., July 1, 2009; 139(7): 1292 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hara, H. Aizaki, M. Matsuda, F. Shinkai-Ouchi, Y. Inoue, K. Murakami, I. Shoji, H. Kawakami, Y. Matsuura, M. M. C. Lai, et al. Involvement of Creatine Kinase B in Hepatitis C Virus Genome Replication through Interaction with the Viral NS4A Protein J. Virol., May 15, 2009; 83(10): 5137 - 5147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Mihailovic-Stanojevic, D. Jovovic, Z. Miloradovic, J. Grujic-Milanovic, M. Jerkic, and J. Markovic-Lipkovski Reduced progression of adriamycin nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated by losartan Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2009; 24(4): 1142 - 1150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Baguet, H. Reyngoudt, A. Pottier, I. Everaert, S. Callens, E. Achten, and W. Derave Carnosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2009; 106(3): 837 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. P. da Silva, I. Nissim, M. E. Brosnan, and J. T. Brosnan Creatine synthesis: hepatic metabolism of guanidinoacetate and creatine in the rat in vitro and in vivo Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2009; 296(2): E256 - E261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R S Carling, S L Hogg, T C Wood, and J Calvin Simultaneous determination of guanidinoacetate, creatine and creatinine in urine and plasma by un-derivatized liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry Ann Clin Biochem, November 1, 2008; 45(6): 575 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. C. Taveira, M. R. C. G. Novaes, M. dos Anjos Reis, and M. F. da Silva Hematologic and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus Fungi on Rats Bearing Solid Walker 256 Tumor Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2008; 233(11): 1341 - 1347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Salin-Cantegrel, M. Shekarabi, S. Holbert, P. Dion, D. Rochefort, J. Laganiere, S. Dacal, P. Hince, L. Karemera, C. Gaspar, et al. HMSN/ACC truncation mutations disrupt brain-type creatine kinase-dependant activation of K+/Cl- co-transporter 3 Hum. Mol. Genet., September 1, 2008; 17(17): 2703 - 2711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Werner, J. Riegel, and M. Wicke Slaughter Performance of Four Different Turkey Strains, with Special Focus on the Muscle Fiber Structure and the Meat Quality of the Breast Muscle Poult. Sci., September 1, 2008; 87(9): 1849 - 1859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. -G. Debray, Y. Boulanger, A. Khiat, J. -C. Decarie, J. Orquin, M. -S. Roy, A. Lortie, F. Ramos, N. M. Verhoeven, E. Struys, et al. Reduced brain choline in homocystinuria due to remethylation defects Neurology, July 1, 2008; 71(1): 44 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. O'Connor, C. M. Steeds, R. W. Wiseman, and G. K. Pavlath Phosphocreatine as an energy source for actin cytoskeletal rearrangements during myoblast fusion J. Physiol., June 15, 2008; 586(12): 2841 - 2853. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. E. C. Taes, B. Marescau, A. De Vriese, P. P. De Deyn, E. Schepers, R. Vanholder, and J. R. Delanghe Guanidino compounds after creatine supplementation in renal failure patients and their relation to inflammatory status Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2008; 23(4): 1330 - 1335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. P. Vieira, A. C. S. Duarte, R. C. Claudino, A. Perini, A. B. G. Santos, H. T. Moriya, F. M. Arantes-Costa, M. A. Martins, C. R. F. Carvalho, and M. Dolhnikoff Creatine Supplementation Exacerbates Allergic Lung Inflammation and Airway Remodeling in Mice Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., December 1, 2007; 37(6): 660 - 667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. E. Edison, M. E. Brosnan, C. Meyer, and J. T. Brosnan Creatine synthesis: production of guanidinoacetate by the rat and human kidney in vivo Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): F1799 - F1804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. E. Kan, E. Meeuwissen, J. J. van Asten, A. Veltien, D. Isbrandt, and A. Heerschap Creatine uptake in brain and skeletal muscle of mice lacking guanidinoacetate methyltransferase assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2007; 102(6): 2121 - 2127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.C. Bianchi, M. Tosetti, R. Battini, V. Leuzzi, M.G. Alessandri', C. Carducci, I. Antonozzi, and G. Cioni Treatment Monitoring of Brain Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: A 1H- and 31P-MR Spectroscopy Study AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., March 1, 2007; 28(3): 548 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Hass, M. A. Collins, and J. L. Juncos Resistance Training With Creatine Monohydrate Improves Upper-Body Strength in Patients With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Trial Neurorehabil Neural Repair, March 1, 2007; 21(2): 107 - 115. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Debrincat, J.-G. Zhang, T. A. Willson, J. Silke, L. M. Connolly, R. J. Simpson, W. S. Alexander, N. A. Nicola, B. T. Kile, and D. J. Hilton Ankyrin Repeat and Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling Box Protein Asb-9 Targets Creatine Kinase B for Degradation J. Biol. Chem., February 16, 2007; 282(7): 4728 - 4737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. C. Rodriguez, D. G. Quiceno, and A. C. Ochoa L-arginine availability regulates T-lymphocyte cell-cycle progression Blood, February 15, 2007; 109(4): 1568 - 1573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Meyer, L. B. Machado, A. P. S. A. Santiago, W. S. da-Silva, F. G. De Felice, O. Holub, M. F. Oliveira, and A. Galina Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase Activity Prevents Reactive Oxygen Species Generation: ANTIOXIDANT ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL KINASE-DEPENDENT ADP RE-CYCLING ACTIVITY J. Biol. Chem., December 8, 2006; 281(49): 37361 - 37371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. V Gamble, X. Liu, H. Ahsan, J R. Pilsner, V. Ilievski, V. Slavkovich, F. Parvez, Y. Chen, D. Levy, P. Factor-Litvak, et al. Folate and arsenic metabolism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled folic acid-supplementation trial in Bangladesh. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 1093 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. R. Alfieri, M. A. Bonelli, A. Cavazzoni, M. Brigotti, C. Fumarola, P. Sestili, P. Mozzoni, G. De Palma, A. Mutti, D. Carnicelli, et al. Creatine as a compatible osmolyte in muscle cells exposed to hypertonic stress J. Physiol., October 15, 2006; 576(2): 391 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. AMITAL, T. VISHNE, A. RUBINOW, and J. LEVINE Observed Effects of Creatine Monohydrate in a Patient With Depression and Fibromyalgia Am J Psychiatry, October 1, 2006; 163(10): 1840 - 1841. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Cullen, A. H.Y. Yuen, L. E. Felkin, R. T. Smolenski, J. L. Hall, S. Grindle, L. W. Miller, E. J. Birks, M. H. Yacoub, and P. J.R. Barton Myocardial Expression of the Arginine:Glycine Amidinotransferase Gene Is Elevated in Heart Failure and Normalized After Recovery: Potential Implications for Local Creatine Synthesis Circulation, July 4, 2006; 114(1_suppl): I-16 - I-20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Saks, P. Dzeja, U. Schlattner, M. Vendelin, A. Terzic, and T. Wallimann Cardiac system bioenergetics: metabolic basis of the Frank-Starling law J. Physiol., March 1, 2006; 571(2): 253 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gallant, M. Rak, A. Szeghalmi, M. R. Del Bigio, D. Westaway, J. Yang, R. Julian, and K. M. Gough Focally Elevated Creatine Detected in Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Transgenic Mice and Alzheimer Disease Brain Tissue J. Biol. Chem., January 6, 2006; 281(1): 5 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Caramanos, S. Narayanan, and D. L. Arnold 1H-MRS quantification of tNA and tCr in patients with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analytic review Brain, November 1, 2005; 128(11): 2483 - 2506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Acosta, M. Kalloniatis, and D. L. Christie Creatine transporter localization in developing and adult retina: importance of creatine to retinal function Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): C1015 - C1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Dodd and D. L. Christie Substituted Cysteine Accessibility of the Third Transmembrane Domain of the Creatine Transporter: DEFINING A TRANSPORT PATHWAY J. Biol. Chem., September 23, 2005; 280(38): 32649 - 32654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. P. Riksen, E. E. M. van Ginneken, P. H. H. van den Broek, P. Smits, and G. A. Rongen In vivo evidence against a role for adenosine in the exercise pressor reflex in humans J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2005; 99(2): 522 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. E. Kan, T. E. Buse-Pot, R. Peco, D. Isbrandt, A. Heerschap, and A. de Haan Lower force and impaired performance during high-intensity electrical stimulation in skeletal muscle of GAMT-deficient knockout mice Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): C113 - C119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Tokarska-Schlattner, M. Zaugg, R. da Silva, E. Lucchinetti, M. C. Schaub, T. Wallimann, and U. Schlattner Acute toxicity of doxorubicin on isolated perfused heart: response of kinases regulating energy supply Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): H37 - H47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Williamson, P. R. Patrylo, J. Pan, D. D. Spencer, and H. Hetherington Correlations between granule cell physiology and bioenergetics in human temporal lobe epilepsy Brain, May 1, 2005; 128(5): 1199 - 1208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. O. Eijnde, W. Derave, J. F. P. Wojtaszewski, E. A. Richter, and P. Hespel AMP kinase expression and activity in human skeletal muscle: effects of immobilization, retraining, and creatine supplementation J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1228 - 1233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. C. Luiking, M. M. Hallemeesch, W. H. Lamers, and N. E. P. Deutz The role of NOS2 and NOS3 in renal protein and arginine metabolism during early endotoxemia in mice Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): F816 - F822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. E Kan, W. K. J. Renema, D. Isbrandt, and A. Heerschap Phosphorylated guanidinoacetate partly compensates for the lack of phosphocreatine in skeletal muscle of mice lacking guanidinoacetate methyltransferase J. Physiol., October 1, 2004; 560(1): 219 - 229. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Morris Jr Enzymes of Arginine Metabolism J. Nutr., October 1, 2004; 134(10): 2743S - 2747S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Brosnan and J. T. Brosnan Renal Arginine Metabolism J. Nutr., October 1, 2004; 134(10): 2791S - 2795S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Loscalzo L-Arginine and Atherothrombosis J. Nutr., October 1, 2004; 134(10): 2798S - 2800S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Derave, B. Marescau, E. V. Eede, B. O. Eijnde, P. P. De Deyn, and P. Hespel Plasma guanidino compounds are altered by oral creatine supplementation in healthy humans J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2004; 97(3): 852 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Zhu, M. Li, B. E. Figueroa, A. Liu, I. G. Stavrovskaya, P. Pasinelli, M. F. Beal, R. H. Brown Jr, B. S. Kristal, R. J. Ferrante, et al. Prophylactic Creatine Administration Mediates Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia in Mice J. Neurosci., June 30, 2004; 24(26): 5909 - 5912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Matarazzo and G. V. Ronnett Temporal and regional differences in the olfactory proteome as a consequence of MeCP2 deficiency PNAS, May 18, 2004; 101(20): 7763 - 7768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Schmidt, B. Marescau, E. A. Boehm, W. K. J. Renema, R. Peco, A. Das, R. Steinfeld, S. Chan, J. Wallis, M. Davidoff, et al. Severely altered guanidino compound levels, disturbed body weight homeostasis and impaired fertility in a mouse model of guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency Hum. Mol. Genet., May 1, 2004; 13(9): 905 - 921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Goyer, T. L. Johnson, L. J. Olsen, E. Collakova, Y. Shachar-Hill, D. Rhodes, and A. D. Hanson Characterization and Metabolic Function of a Peroxisomal Sarcosine and Pipecolate Oxidase from Arabidopsis J. Biol. Chem., April 23, 2004; 279(17): 16947 - 16953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. H. Koopman, M. Renders, A. Oosterhof, T. H. van Kuppevelt, B. G. M. van Engelen, and P. H. G. M. Willems Upregulation of Ca2+ removal in human skeletal muscle: a possible role for Ca2+-dependent priming of mitochondrial ATP synthesis Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): C1263 - C1269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D Bruton, A. J Dahlstedt, F. Abbate, and H. Westerblad Mitochondrial function in intact skeletal muscle fibres of creatine kinase deficient mice J. Physiol., October 15, 2003; 552(2): 393 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Verbessem, J. Lemiere, B. O. Eijnde, S. Swinnen, L. Vanhees, M. Van Leemputte, P. Hespel, and R. Dom Creatine supplementation in Huntington's disease: A placebo-controlled pilot trial Neurology, October 14, 2003; 61(7): 925 - 930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Tarnopolsky, J. M. Bourgeois, R. Snow, S. Keys, B. D. Roy, J. M. Kwiecien, and J. Turnbull Histological assessment of intermediate- and long-term creatine monohydrate supplementation in mice and rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2003; 285(4): R762 - R769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. O. Eijnde, M. Van Leemputte, M. Goris, V. Labarque, Y. Taes, P. Verbessem, L. Vanhees, M. Ramaekers, B. Vanden Eynde, R. Van Schuylenbergh, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation and exercise training on fitness in men 55-75 yr old J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2003; 95(2): 818 - 828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Andrienko, A. V. Kuznetsov, T. Kaambre, Y. Usson, A. Orosco, F. Appaix, T. Tiivel, P. Sikk, M. Vendelin, R. Margreiter, et al. Metabolic consequences of functional complexes of mitochondria, myofibrils and sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells J. Exp. Biol., June 15, 2003; 206(12): 2059 - 2072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. A.C. Petroff, L. D. Errante, J. H. Kim, and D. D. Spencer N-acetyl-aspartate, total creatine, and myo-inositol in the epileptogenic human hippocampus Neurology, May 27, 2003; 60(10): 1646 - 1651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H J A in't Zandt, A J C de Groof, W K J Renema, F T J J Oerlemans, D W J Klomp, B Wieringa, and A Heerschap Presence of (phospho)creatine in developing and adult skeletal muscle of mice without mitochondrial and cytosolic muscle creatine kinase isoforms J. Physiol., May 1, 2003; 548(3): 847 - 858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Sandell, X.-J. Guan, R. Ingram, and S. M. Tilghman Gatm, a creatine synthesis enzyme, is imprinted in mouse placenta PNAS, April 15, 2003; 100(8): 4622 - 4627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. E.C. Taes, N. H. Lameire, M. L. De Buyzere, A. Shoja, G. De Backer, and J. R. Delanghe Exercise-induced Myocardial Ischemia Is Accompanied by Increased Serum Creatine Concentrations Clin. Chem., April 1, 2003; 49(4): 684 - 686. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. E. C. Taes, J. R. Delanghe, B. Wuyts, J. van de Voorde, and N. H. Lameire Creatine supplementation does not affect kidney function in an animal model with pre-existing renal failure Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., February 1, 2003; 18(2): 258 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Boehm, S. Chan, M. Monfared, T. Wallimann, K. Clarke, and S. Neubauer Creatine transporter activity and content in the rat heart supplemented by and depleted of creatine Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2003; 284(2): E399 - E406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. Murphy, K. K. O. Watt, D. Cameron-Smith, C. J. Gibbons, and R. J. Snow Effects of creatine supplementation on housekeeping genes in human skeletal muscle using real-time RT-PCR Physiol Genomics, January 15, 2003; 12(2): 163 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Loscalzo L-Arginine in Atherosclerosis: Consequences of Methylation Stress in a Complex Catabolism? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2003; 23(1): 3 - 5. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Ferguson, A. M. J. MacLullich, I. Marshall, I. J. Deary, J. M. Starr, J. R. Seckl, and J. M. Wardlaw Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cognitive function in healthy elderly men Brain, December 1, 2002; 125(12): 2743 - 2749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M J Peral, M Garcia-Delgado, M L Calonge, J M Duran, M C De La Horra, T Wallimann, O Speer, and A A Ilundain Human, rat and chicken small intestinal Na+-Cl--creatine transporter: functional, molecular characterization and localization J. Physiol., November 15, 2002; 545(1): 133 - 144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. van der Knaap, S. Naidu, P. J.W. Pouwels, S. Bonavita, R. van Coster, L. Lagae, J. Sperner, R. Surtees, R. Schiffmann, and J. Valk New Syndrome Characterized by Hypomyelination with Atrophy of the Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., October 1, 2002; 23(9): 1466 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. T. Chard, C. M. Griffin, M. A. McLean, P. Kapeller, R. Kapoor, A. J. Thompson, and D. H. Miller Brain metabolite changes in cortical grey and normal-appearing white matter in clinically early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis Brain, October 1, 2002; 125(10): 2342 - 2352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Carducci, M. Birarelli, V. Leuzzi, C. Carducci, R. Battini, G. Cioni, and I. Antonozzi Guanidinoacetate and Creatine plus Creatinine Assessment in Physiologic Fluids: An Effective Diagnostic Tool for the Biochemical Diagnosis of Arginine:Glycine Amidinotransferase and Guanidinoacetate Methyltransferase Deficiencies Clin. Chem., October 1, 2002; 48(10): 1772 - 1778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Walzel, O. Speer, E. Zanolla, O. Eriksson, P. Bernardi, and T. Wallimann Novel Mitochondrial Creatine Transport Activity. IMPLICATIONS FOR INTRACELLULAR CREATINE COMPARTMENTS AND BIOENERGETICS J. Biol. Chem., September 27, 2002; 277(40): 37503 - 37511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Canonaco, U. Schlattner, P. S. Pruett, T. Wallimann, and U. Sauer Functional Expression of Phosphagen Kinase Systems Confers Resistance to Transient Stresses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Buffering the ATP Pool J. Biol. Chem., August 23, 2002; 277(35): 31303 - 31309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Li, F. Cong, C. P. Tan, S. X. Wang, and S. P. Goff Aph2, a Protein with a zf-DHHC Motif, Interacts with c-Abl and Has Pro-apoptotic Activity J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 28870 - 28876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Walzel, O. Speer, E. Boehm, S. Kristiansen, S. Chan, K. Clarke, J. P. Magyar, E. A. Richter, and T. Wallimann New creatine transporter assay and identification of distinct creatine transporter isoforms in muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2002; 283(2): E390 - E401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. C. de Groof, J. A. M. Fransen, R. J. Errington, P. H. G. M. Willems, B. Wieringa, and W. J. H. Koopman The Creatine Kinase System Is Essential for Optimal Refill of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Store in Skeletal Muscle J. Biol. Chem., February 8, 2002; 277(7): 5275 - 5284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Stead, K. P. Au, R. L. Jacobs, M. E. Brosnan, and J. T. Brosnan Methylation demand and homocysteine metabolism: effects of dietary provision of creatine and guanidinoacetate Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2001; 281(5): E1095 - E1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yamamichi, S. Kasakura, S. Yamamori, R. Iwasaki, T. Jikimoto, S. Kanagawa, J. Ohkawa, S. Kumagai, and M. Koshiba Creatine Kinase Gene Mutation in a Patient with Muscle Creatine Kinase Deficiency Clin. Chem., November 1, 2001; 47(11): 1967 - 1973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. de Jonge, B. Marescau, R. D'Hooge, P. P. De Deyn, M. M. Hallemeesch, N. E. P. Deutz, J. M. Ruijter, and W. H Lamers Overexpression of Arginase Alters Circulating and Tissue Amino Acids and Guanidino Compounds and Affects Neuromotor Behavior in Mice J. Nutr., October 1, 2001; 131(10): 2732 - 2740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Persky and G. A. Brazeau Clinical Pharmacology of the Dietary Supplement Creatine Monohydrate Pharmacol. Rev., May 11, 2001; (2001) 1. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mark. E. Trump, C. C. Hanstock, P. S. Allen, D. Gheorghiu, and P. W. Hochachka An 1H-MRS evaluation of the phosphocreatine/creatine pool (tCr) in human muscle Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): R889 - R896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R. Donovan and T. T. Gleeson Evidence for facilitated lactate uptake in lizard skeletal muscle J. Exp. Biol., January 12, 2001; 204(23): 4099 - 4106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Persky and G. A. Brazeau Clinical Pharmacology of the Dietary Supplement Creatine Monohydrate Pharmacol. Rev., June 1, 2001; 53(2): 161 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Wang, M. A. Jobst, B. Bell, C.-R. Zhao, L.-H. Shang, and D. O. Jacobs Cr supplementation decreases tyrosine phosphorylation of the CreaT in skeletal muscle during sepsis Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2002; 282(5): E1046 - E1054. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
