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Physiol. Rev. 79: 143-180, 1999;
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PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS   Vol. 79 No. 1 January 1999, pp. 143-180
Copyright ©1999 The American Physiological Society

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase: Conservation of a Three-Kinase Module From Yeast to Human

CHRISTIAN WIDMANN, SPENCER GIBSON, MATTHEW B. JARPE, AND GARY L. JOHNSON

Program in Molecular Signal Transduction, Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado

Widmann, Christian, Spencer Gibson, Matthew B. Jarpe, and Gary L. Johnson. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase: Conservation of a Three-Kinase Module From Yeast to Human. Physiol. Rev. 79: 143-180, 1999. --- Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by diverse stimuli ranging from cytokines, growth factors, neurotransmitters, hormones, cellular stress, and cell adherence. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. The basic assembly of MAPK pathways is a three-component module conserved from yeast to humans. The MAPK module includes three kinases that establish a sequential activation pathway comprising a MAPK kinase kinase (MKKK), MAPK kinase (MKK), and MAPK. Currently, there have been 14 MKKK, 7 MKK, and 12 MAPK identified in mammalian cells. The mammalian MAPK can be subdivided into five families: MAPKerk1/2, MAPKp38, MAPKjnk, MAPKerk3/4, and MAPKerk5. Each MAPK family has distinct biological functions. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there are five MAPK pathways involved in mating, cell wall remodelling, nutrient deprivation, and responses to stress stimuli such as osmolarity changes. Component members of the yeast pathways have conserved counterparts in mammalian cells. The number of different MKKK in MAPK modules allows for the diversity of inputs capable of activating MAPK pathways. In this review, we define all known MAPK module kinases from yeast to humans, what is known about their regulation, defined MAPK substrates, and the function of MAPK in cell physiology.




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A. M. Fusello, L. Mandik-Nayak, F. Shih, R. E. Lewis, P. M. Allen, and A. S. Shaw
The MAPK Scaffold Kinase Suppressor of Ras Is Involved in ERK Activation by Stress and Proinflammatory Cytokines and Induction of Arthritis
J. Immunol., November 1, 2006; 177(9): 6152 - 6158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
L. Daulhac, C. Mallet, C. Courteix, M. Etienne, E. Duroux, A.-M. Privat, A. Eschalier, and J. Fialip
Diabetes-Induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia Involves Spinal Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Neurons and Microglia via N-Methyl-D-aspartate-Dependent Mechanisms
Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2006; 70(4): 1246 - 1254.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
R. Padda, A. Wamsley-Davis, M. C. Gustin, R. Ross, C. Yu, and D. Sheikh-Hamad
MEKK3-mediated signaling to p38 kinase and TonE in hypertonically stressed kidney cells
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): F874 - F881.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
M. Thorsen, Y. Di, C. Tangemo, M. Morillas, D. Ahmadpour, C. Van der Does, A. Wagner, E. Johansson, J. Boman, F. Posas, et al.
The MAPK Hog1p Modulates Fps1p-dependent Arsenite Uptake and Tolerance in Yeast
Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2006; 17(10): 4400 - 4410.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
H. Katsura, K. Obata, T. Mizushima, J. Sakurai, K. Kobayashi, H. Yamanaka, Y. Dai, T. Fukuoka, M. Sakagami, and K. Noguchi
Activation of SRC-family kinases in spinal microglia contributes to mechanical hypersensitivity after nerve injury.
J. Neurosci., August 23, 2006; 26(34): 8680 - 8690.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Plant Physiol.Home page
D. Ren, K.-Y. Yang, G.-J. Li, Y. Liu, and S. Zhang
Activation of Ntf4, a Tobacco Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, during Plant Defense Response and Its Involvement in Hypersensitive Response-Like Cell Death
Plant Physiology, August 1, 2006; 141(4): 1482 - 1493.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Virol.Home page
M. G. Lyman, J. A. Randall, C. M. Calton, and B. W. Banfield
Localization of ERK/MAP Kinase Is Regulated by the Alphaherpesvirus Tegument Protein Us2
J. Virol., July 15, 2006; 80(14): 7159 - 7168.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Marjuki, M. I. Alam, C. Ehrhardt, R. Wagner, O. Planz, H.-D. Klenk, S. Ludwig, and S. Pleschka
Membrane Accumulation of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Triggers Nuclear Export of the Viral Genome via Protein Kinase C{alpha}-mediated Activation of ERK Signaling
J. Biol. Chem., June 16, 2006; 281(24): 16707 - 16715.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 MicrobiologyHome page
J. Delgado-Jarana, S. Sousa, F. Gonzalez, M. Rey, and A. Llobell
ThHog1 controls the hyperosmotic stress response in Trichoderma harzianum
Microbiology, June 1, 2006; 152(6): 1687 - 1700.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
Y. Seval, H. Cakmak, U. A. Kayisli, and A. Arici
Estrogen-Mediated Regulation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Human Endometrium
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2349 - 2357.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
E. Sanchez-Tillo, M. Comalada, C. Farrera, A. F. Valledor, J. Lloberas, and A. Celada
Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating Factor-Induced Proliferation and Lipopolysaccharide-Dependent Activation of Macrophages Requires Raf-1 Phosphorylation to Induce Mitogen Kinase Phosphatase-1 Expression.
J. Immunol., June 1, 2006; 176(11): 6594 - 6602.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
Q. Liu, B. J. Wilkins, Y. J. Lee, H. Ichijo, and J. D. Molkentin
Direct Interaction and Reciprocal Regulation between ASK1 and Calcineurin-NFAT Control Cardiomyocyte Death and Growth
Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2006; 26(10): 3785 - 3797.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
M. Shinkai, J. Tamaoki, H. Kobayashi, S. Kanoh, K. Motoyoshi, T. Kute, and B. K. Rubin
Clarithromycin Delays Progression of Bronchial Epithelial Cells from G1 Phase to S Phase and Delays Cell Growth via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase Suppression.
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., May 1, 2006; 50(5): 1738 - 1744.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
C. G. Ossum, T. Wulff, and E. K. Hoffmann
Regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p44 ERK activity during anoxia/recovery in rainbow trout hypodermal fibroblasts
J. Exp. Biol., May 1, 2006; 209(9): 1765 - 1776.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cardiovasc ResHome page
D. J. Hausenloy and D. M. Yellon
Survival kinases in ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning
Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 240 - 253.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Iavarone, M. Acunzo, F. Carlomagno, A. Catania, R. M. Melillo, S. M. Carlomagno, M. Santoro, and M. Chiariello
Activation of the Erk8 Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase by RET/PTC3, a Constitutively Active Form of the RET Proto-oncogene
J. Biol. Chem., April 14, 2006; 281(15): 10567 - 10576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. Liu, J.-P. Sun, B. Zhou, and Z.-Y. Zhang
Structural basis of docking interactions between ERK2 and MAP kinase phosphatase 3
PNAS, April 4, 2006; 103(14): 5326 - 5331.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ReproductionHome page
M. Bayarsaikhan, A. Shiratsuchi, D. Gantulga, Y. Nakanishi, and K. Yoshioka
Selective expression of the scaffold protein JSAP1 in spermatogonia and spermatocytes.
Reproduction, April 1, 2006; 131(4): 711 - 719.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Fritz, K. J. Brayer, N. McCormick, D. G. Adams, B. E. Wadzinski, and R. R. Vaillancourt
Phosphorylation of Serine 526 Is Required for MEKK3 Activity, and Association with 14-3-3 Blocks Dephosphorylation
J. Biol. Chem., March 10, 2006; 281(10): 6236 - 6245.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
G. Lu, Y. J. Kang, J. Han, H. R. Herschman, E. Stefani, and Y. Wang
TAB-1 Modulates Intracellular Localization of p38 MAP Kinase and Downstream Signaling
J. Biol. Chem., March 3, 2006; 281(9): 6087 - 6095.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
K. A. Huey
Regulation of HSP25 expression and phosphorylation in functionally overloaded rat plantaris and soleus muscles
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2006; 100(2): 451 - 456.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURGHome page
J. D. Raffetto, R. Vasquez, D. G. Goodwin, and J. O. Menzoian
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Regulates Cell Proliferation in Venous Ulcer Fibroblasts
Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, January 1, 2006; 40(1): 59 - 66.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
R. Zhou, S.-X. Zheng, W. Tang, P.-L. He, X.-Y. Li, Y.-F. Yang, Y.-C. Li, J.-G. Geng, and J.-P. Zuo
Inhibition of Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase Expression by (5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide in Interferon-{gamma}- and Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2006; 316(1): 121 - 128.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Exp BotHome page
N. Murata and I. Suzuki
Exploitation of genomic sequences in a systematic analysis to access how cyanobacteria sense environmental stress
J. Exp. Bot., January 1, 2006; 57(2): 235 - 247.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
D. G. Adams, R. L. Coffee Jr., H. Zhang, S. Pelech, S. Strack, and B. E. Wadzinski
Positive Regulation of Raf1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 Signaling by Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatase 2A Holoenzymes
J. Biol. Chem., December 30, 2005; 280(52): 42644 - 42654.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
D. M. Molina, S. Grewal, and L. Bardwell
Characterization of an ERK-binding Domain in Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor and Differential Inhibition of ERK2-mediated Substrate Phosphorylation
J. Biol. Chem., December 23, 2005; 280(51): 42051 - 42060.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
E. Kefaloyianni, E. Gourgou, V. Ferle, E. Kotsakis, C. Gaitanaki, and I. Beis
Acute thermal stress and various heavy metals induce tissue-specific pro- or anti-apoptotic events via the p38-MAPK signal transduction pathway in Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.)
J. Exp. Biol., December 1, 2005; 208(23): 4427 - 4436.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
C. R. White, H. Y. Stevens, M. Haidekker, and J. A. Frangos
Temporal gradients in shear, but not spatial gradients, stimulate ERK1/2 activation in human endothelial cells
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2350 - H2355.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Katou, E. Karita, H. Yamakawa, S. Seo, I. Mitsuhara, K. Kuchitsu, and Y. Ohashi
Catalytic Activation of the Plant MAPK Phosphatase NtMKP1 by Its Physiological Substrate Salicylic Acid-induced Protein Kinase but Not by Calmodulins
J. Biol. Chem., November 25, 2005; 280(47): 39569 - 39581.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Tarrega, P. Rios, R. Cejudo-Marin, C. Blanco-Aparicio, L. van den Berk, J. Schepens, W. Hendriks, L. Tabernero, and R. Pulido
ERK2 Shows a Restrictive and Locally Selective Mechanism of Recognition by Its Tyrosine Phosphatase Inactivators Not Shared by Its Activator MEK1
J. Biol. Chem., November 11, 2005; 280(45): 37885 - 37894.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
A. S. L. Chan and Y. H. Wong
Gq-Mediated Activation of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase by the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide-Preferring Bombesin Receptor Is Inhibited upon Costimulation of the Gs-Coupled Dopamine D1 Receptor in COS-7 Cells
Mol. Pharmacol., November 1, 2005; 68(5): 1354 - 1364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 GeneticsHome page
C. M. McDonald, K. F. Cooper, and E. Winter
The Ama1-Directed Anaphase-Promoting Complex Regulates the Smk1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase During Meiosis in Yeast
Genetics, November 1, 2005; 171(3): 901 - 911.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
L. Minutoli, P. Antonuccio, C. Romeo, P. A. Nicotina, A. Bitto, S. Arena, F. Polito, D. Altavilla, N. Turiaco, A. Cutrupi, et al.
Evidence for a Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in the Development of Testicular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Biol Reprod, October 1, 2005; 73(4): 730 - 736.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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