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Section on Oxidative Stress Tissue Injury, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland; Linus Pauling Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2011 Agricultural and Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; and Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
The discovery that mammalian cells have the ability to synthesize the free radical nitric oxide (NO) has stimulated an extraordinary impetus for scientific research in all the fields of biology and medicine. Since its early description as an endothelial-derived relaxing factor, NO has emerged as a fundamental signaling device regulating virtually every critical cellular function, as well as a potent mediator of cellular damage in a wide range of conditions. Recent evidence indicates that most of the cytotoxicity attributed to NO is rather due to peroxynitrite, produced from the diffusion-controlled reaction between NO and another free radical, the superoxide anion. Peroxynitrite interacts with lipids, DNA, and proteins via direct oxidative reactions or via indirect, radical-mediated mechanisms. These reactions trigger cellular responses ranging from subtle modulations of cell signaling to overwhelming oxidative injury, committing cells to necrosis or apoptosis. In vivo, peroxynitrite generation represents a crucial pathogenic mechanism in conditions such as stroke, myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, diabetes, circulatory shock, chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, novel pharmacological strategies aimed at removing peroxynitrite might represent powerful therapeutic tools in the future. Evidence supporting these novel roles of NO and peroxynitrite is presented in detail in this review.
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 I. Russo, P. Del Mese, G. Doronzo, L. Mattiello, M. Viretto, A. Bosia, G. Anfossi, and M. Trovati Resistance to the Nitric Oxide/Cyclic Guanosine 5'-Monophosphate/Protein Kinase G Pathway in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from the Obese Zucker Rat, a Classical Animal Model of Insulin Resistance: Role of Oxidative Stress Endocrinology, April 1, 2008; 149(4): 1480 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Pacher and B. Gao Endocannabinoids and Liver Disease. III. Endocannabinoid effects on immune cells: implications for inflammatory liver diseases Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): G850 - G854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Hasko and P. Pacher A2A receptors in inflammation and injury: lessons learned from transgenic animals J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2008; 83(3): 447 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. L. Ballard, W. E. Truog, J. D. Merrill, A. Gow, M. Posencheg, S. G. Golombek, L. A. Parton, X. Luan, A. Cnaan, and R. A. Ballard Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress: Relationship to Lung Disease and Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy in Premature Infants Pediatrics, March 1, 2008; 121(3): 555 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Crean, Y. Uvaydov, N. E. Geacintov, and V. Shafirovich Oxidation of single-stranded oligonucleotides by carbonate radical anions: generating intrastrand cross-links between guanine and thymine bases separated by cytosines Nucleic Acids Res., February 11, 2008; 36(3): 742 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-J. Chen and J. Quilley Fenofibrate Treatment of Diabetic Rats Reduces Nitrosative Stress, Renal Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression, and Enhanced Renal Prostaglandin Release J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2008; 324(2): 658 - 663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Hallstrom, M. Franz, H. Gasser, M. Vodrazka, S. Semsroth, U. M. Losert, M. Haisjackl, B. K. Podesser, and T. Malinski S-nitroso human serum albumin reduces ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the pig heart after unprotected warm ischaemia Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2008; 77(3): 506 - 514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Park, E. F. Gallo, J. Anrather, G. Wang, E. H. Norris, J. Paul, S. Strickland, and C. Iadecola Key role of tissue plasminogen activator in neurovascular coupling PNAS, January 22, 2008; 105(3): 1073 - 1078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. K. Kutzing and B. L. Firestein Altered Uric Acid Levels and Disease States J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2008; 324(1): 1 - 7. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S. Martins, V. M. Shkryl, M. C. Nowycky, and N. Shirokova Reactive oxygen species contribute to Ca2+ signals produced by osmotic stress in mouse skeletal muscle fibres J. Physiol., January 1, 2008; 586(1): 197 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Deeb, R. K. Upmacis, B. D. Lamon, S. S. Gross, and D. P. Hajjar Maintaining Equilibrium by Selective Targeting of Cyclooxygenase Pathways: Promising Offensives Against Vascular Injury Hypertension, January 1, 2008; 51(1): 1 - 7. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Rajesh, H. Pan, P. Mukhopadhyay, S. Batkai, D. Osei-Hyiaman, G. Hasko, L. Liaudet, B. Gao, and P. Pacher Pivotal Advance: Cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist HU-308 protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2007; 82(6): 1382 - 1389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. F. Rosenberg Endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and inflammatory stress: an interview with Dr. Pal Pacher J. Leukoc. Biol., December 1, 2007; 82(6): 1390 - 1392. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Ferdinandy, R. Schulz, and G. F. Baxter Interaction of Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, Preconditioning, and Postconditioning Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2007; 59(4): 418 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. G. Obrosova, V. R. Drel, C. L. Oltman, N. Mashtalir, J. Tibrewala, J. T. Groves, and M. A. Yorek Role of nitrosative stress in early neuropathy and vascular dysfunction in streptozotocin-diabetic rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2007; 293(6): E1645 - E1655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Quijano, L. Castro, G. Peluffo, V. Valez, and R. Radi Enhanced mitochondrial superoxide in hyperglycemic endothelial cells: direct measurements and formation of hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): H3404 - H3414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Rajesh, P. Mukhopadhyay, S. Batkai, G. Hasko, L. Liaudet, J. W. Huffman, A. Csiszar, Z. Ungvari, K. Mackie, S. Chatterjee, et al. CB2-receptor stimulation attenuates TNF-{alpha}-induced human endothelial cell activation, transendothelial migration of monocytes, and monocyte-endothelial adhesion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): H2210 - H2218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Batkai, P. Mukhopadhyay, J. Harvey-White, R. Kechrid, P. Pacher, and G. Kunos Endocannabinoids acting at CB1 receptors mediate the cardiac contractile dysfunction in vivo in cirrhotic rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1689 - H1695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.W. Merx and C. Weber Sepsis and the Heart Circulation, August 14, 2007; 116(7): 793 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Mukhopadhyay, S. Batkai, M. Rajesh, N. Czifra, J. Harvey-White, G. Hasko, Z. Zsengeller, N. P. Gerard, L. Liaudet, G. Kunos, et al. Pharmacological Inhibition of CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Protects Against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 7, 2007; 50(6): 528 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Batkai, M. Rajesh, P. Mukhopadhyay, G. Hasko, L. Liaudet, B. F. Cravatt, A. Csiszar, Z. Ungvari, and P. Pacher Decreased age-related cardiac dysfunction, myocardial nitrative stress, inflammatory gene expression, and apoptosis in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): H909 - H918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. E. Mann, D. J. Rowlands, F. Y.L. Li, P. de Winter, and R. C.M. Siow Activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by dietary isoflavones: Role of NO in Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene expression Cardiovasc Res, July 15, 2007; 75(2): 261 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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