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Physiol. Rev. 86: 583-650, 2006; doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2005
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Heme Oxygenase-1/Carbon Monoxide: From Basic Science to Therapeutic Applications

Stefan W. Ryter, Jawed Alam and Augustine M. K. Choi

Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Department of Molecular Genetics, Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana

The heme oxygenases, which consist of constitutive and inducible isozymes (HO-1, HO-2), catalyze the rate-limiting step in the metabolic conversion of heme to the bile pigments (i.e., biliverdin and bilirubin) and thus constitute a major intracellular source of iron and carbon monoxide (CO). In recent years, endogenously produced CO has been shown to possess intriguing signaling properties affecting numerous critical cellular functions including but not limited to inflammation, cellular proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. The era of gaseous molecules in biomedical research and human diseases initiated with the discovery that the endothelial cell-derived relaxing factor was identical to the gaseous molecule nitric oxide (NO). The discovery that endogenously produced gaseous molecules such as NO and now CO can impart potent physiological and biological effector functions truly represented a paradigm shift and unraveled new avenues of intense investigations. This review covers the molecular and biochemical characterization of HOs, with a discussion on the mechanisms of signal transduction and gene regulation that mediate the induction of HO-1 by environmental stress. Furthermore, the current understanding of the functional significance of HO shall be discussed from the perspective of each of the metabolic by-products, with a special emphasis on CO. Finally, this presentation aspires to lay a foundation for potential future clinical applications of these systems.





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M. Vareille, F. Rannou, N. Thelier, A.-L. Glasser, T. de Sablet, C. Martin, and A. P. Gobert
Heme Oxygenase-1 Is a Critical Regulator of Nitric Oxide Production in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-Infected Human Enterocytes
J. Immunol., April 15, 2008; 180(8): 5720 - 5726.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
H. Zhang and H. J. Forman
Acrolein Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 through PKC-{delta} and PI3K in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., April 1, 2008; 38(4): 483 - 490.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
C.-C. Lin, X.-M. Liu, K. Peyton, H. Wang, W.-C. Yang, S.-J. Lin, and W. Durante
Far Infrared Therapy Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Inflammation via the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2008; 28(4): 739 - 745.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
J. A. Nemzek, C. Fry, and O. Abatan
Low-dose carbon monoxide treatment attenuates early pulmonary neutrophil recruitment after acid aspiration
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): L644 - L653.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.Home page
L. Wang, J.-Y. S. Lee, J. H. Kwak, Y. He, S. I. Kim, and M. E. Choi
Protective effects of low-dose carbon monoxide against renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): F508 - F517.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
C. J. Mingone, M. Ahmad, S. A. Gupte, J. L. Chow, and M. S. Wolin
Heme oxygenase-1 induction depletes heme and attenuates pulmonary artery relaxation and guanylate cyclase activation by nitric oxide
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): H1244 - H1250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Interv.Home page
K. Gronert
Lipid Autacoids in Inflammation and Injury Responses: A Matter of Privilege
Mol. Interv., February 1, 2008; 8(1): 28 - 35.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
K. El Fadili, M. Imbeault, N. Messier, G. Roy, B. Gourbal, M. Bergeron, M. J. Tremblay, D. Legare, and M. Ouellette
Modulation of Gene Expression in Human Macrophages Treated with the Anti-Leishmania Pentavalent Antimonial Drug Sodium Stibogluconate
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., February 1, 2008; 52(2): 526 - 533.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
A. L. Lagan, D. D. Melley, T. W. Evans, and G. J. Quinlan
Pathogenesis of the systemic inflammatory syndrome and acute lung injury: role of iron mobilization and decompartmentalization
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): L161 - L174.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
L. S. Nobre, J. D. Seixas, C. C. Romao, and L. M. Saraiva
Antimicrobial Action of Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Compounds
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., December 1, 2007; 51(12): 4303 - 4307.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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HypertensionHome page
A. Kobayashi, K. Ishikawa, H. Matsumoto, S. Kimura, Y. Kamiyama, and Y. Maruyama
Synergetic Antioxidant and Vasodilatory Action of Carbon Monoxide in Angiotensin II Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy
Hypertension, December 1, 2007; 50(6): 1040 - 1048.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Nucleic Acids ResHome page
A. Meiller, S. Alvarez, P. Drane, C. Lallemand, B. Blanchard, M. Tovey, and E. May
p53-dependent stimulation of redox-related genes in the lymphoid organs of {gamma}-irradiated mice identification of Haeme-oxygenase 1 as a direct p53 target gene
Nucleic Acids Res., November 29, 2007; 35(20): 6924 - 6934.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
A. L. True, M. Olive, M. Boehm, H. San, R. J. Westrick, N. Raghavachari, X. Xu, E. G. Lynn, M. N. Sack, P. J. Munson, et al.
Heme Oxygenase-1 Deficiency Accelerates Formation of Arterial Thrombosis Through Oxidative Damage to the Endothelium, Which Is Rescued by Inhaled Carbon Monoxide
Circ. Res., October 26, 2007; 101(9): 893 - 901.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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FASEB J.Home page
R. Schmidt
Cobalt protoporphyrin as a potential therapeutic agent?
FASEB J, September 1, 2007; 21(11): 2639 - 2639.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Pugazhenthi, L. Akhov, G. Selvaraj, M. Wang, and J. Alam
Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression by demethoxy curcuminoids through Nrf2 by a PI3-kinase/Akt-mediated pathway in mouse beta-cells
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2007; 293(3): E645 - E655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
R. C.M. Siow and A. T. Churchman
Adventitial growth factor signalling and vascular remodelling: Potential of perivascular gene transfer from the outside-in
Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2007; 75(4): 659 - 668.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Physiol. Rev.Home page
T. Yoshida and R. M. Tuder
Pathobiology of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Physiol Rev, July 1, 2007; 87(3): 1047 - 1082.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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FASEB J.Home page
B. Biteman, I. R. Hassan, E. Walker, A. J. Leedom, M. Dunn, F. Seta, M. Laniado-Schwartzman, and K. Gronert
Interdependence of lipoxin A4 and heme-oxygenase in counter-regulating inflammation during corneal wound healing
FASEB J, July 1, 2007; 21(9): 2257 - 2266.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
X. Liu, J. A. Simpson, K. R. Brunt, C. A. Ward, S. R. R. Hall, R. T. Kinobe, V. Barrette, M. Y. Tse, S. C. Pang, A. S. Pachori, et al.
Preemptive heme oxygenase-1 gene delivery reveals reduced mortality and preservation of left ventricular function 1 yr after acute myocardial infarction
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): H48 - H59.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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IOVSHome page
P. E. Milbury, B. Graf, J. M. Curran-Celentano, and J. B. Blumberg
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) Anthocyanins Modulate Heme Oxygenase-1 and Glutathione S-Transferase-pi Expression in ARPE-19 Cells
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2007; 48(5): 2343 - 2349.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
A. Haschemi, O. Wagner, R. Marculescu, B. Wegiel, S. C. Robson, N. Gagliani, D. Gallo, J.-F. Chen, F. H. Bach, and L. E. Otterbein
Cross-Regulation of Carbon Monoxide and the Adenosine A2a Receptor in Macrophages
J. Immunol., May 1, 2007; 178(9): 5921 - 5929.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. D. Sheftel, S. F. Kim, and P. Ponka
Non-heme Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Does Not Alter Cellular Iron Metabolism
J. Biol. Chem., April 6, 2007; 282(14): 10480 - 10486.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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IOVSHome page
Y. Zhu, Y. Zhang, B. A. Ojwang, M. A. Brantley Jr, and J. M. Gidday
Long-Term Tolerance to Retinal Ischemia by Repetitive Hypoxic Preconditioning: Role of HIF-1{alpha} and Heme Oxygenase-1
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2007; 48(4): 1735 - 1743.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
A.-L. Levonen, M. Inkala, T. Heikura, S. Jauhiainen, H.-K. Jyrkkanen, E. Kansanen, K. Maatta, E. Romppanen, P. Turunen, J. Rutanen, et al.
Nrf2 Gene Transfer Induces Antioxidant Enzymes and Suppresses Smooth Muscle Cell Growth In Vitro and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Rabbit Aorta In Vivo
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2007; 27(4): 741 - 747.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
K. Liby, D. B. Royce, C. R. Williams, R. Risingsong, M. M. Yore, T. Honda, G. W. Gribble, E. Dmitrovsky, T. A. Sporn, and M. B. Sporn
The Synthetic Triterpenoids CDDO-Methyl Ester and CDDO-Ethyl Amide Prevent Lung Cancer Induced by Vinyl Carbamate in A/J Mice
Cancer Res., March 15, 2007; 67(6): 2414 - 2419.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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PediatricsHome page
S. Immenschuh, Y. Shan, H. Kroll, S. Santoso, W. Wossmann, G. Bein, and H. L. Bonkovsky
Marked Hyperbilirubinemia Associated With the Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene Promoter Microsatellite Polymorphism in a Boy With Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Pediatrics, March 1, 2007; 119(3): e764 - e767.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
M. A. Perrella
Heme Oxygenase-1: A Multifaceted Triple-Threat Molecule
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., February 1, 2007; 36(2): 137 - 137.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
S. W. Ryter, D. Morse, and A. M. K. Choi
Carbon Monoxide and Bilirubin: Potential Therapies for Pulmonary/Vascular Injury and Disease
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., February 1, 2007; 36(2): 175 - 182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
J. Alam and J. L. Cook
How Many Transcription Factors Does It Take to Turn On the Heme Oxygenase-1 Gene?
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., February 1, 2007; 36(2): 166 - 174.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
X. Wang, Y. Wang, H. P. Kim, K. Nakahira, S. W. Ryter, and A. M. K. Choi
Carbon Monoxide Protects against Hyperoxia-induced Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting Reactive Oxygen Species Formation
J. Biol. Chem., January 19, 2007; 282(3): 1718 - 1726.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
R. Stocker and M. A. Perrella
Heme Oxygenase-1: A Novel Drug Target for Atherosclerotic Diseases?
Circulation, November 14, 2006; 114(20): 2178 - 2189.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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HypertensionHome page
M. S. Wolin and N. G. Abraham
Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibition of Nox Oxidase Activation Is a Microvascular Endothelial Antioxidant Effect of NO
Hypertension, November 1, 2006; 48(5): 826 - 827.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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Circ. Res.Home page
N. G. Abraham and G. Drummond
CD163-Mediated Hemoglobin-Heme Uptake Activates Macrophage HO-1, Providing an Antiinflammatory Function
Circ. Res., October 27, 2006; 99(9): 911 - 914.
[Full Text] [PDF]




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