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Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, and Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
The "fetal" or "early" origins of adult disease hypothesis was originally put forward by David Barker and colleagues and stated that environmental factors, particularly nutrition, act in early life to program the risks for adverse health outcomes in adult life. This hypothesis has been supported by a worldwide series of epidemiological studies that have provided evidence for the association between the perturbation of the early nutritional environment and the major risk factors (hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity) for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome in adult life. It is also clear from experimental studies that a range of molecular, cellular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and physiological adaptations to changes in the early nutritional environment result in a permanent alteration of the developmental pattern of cellular proliferation and differentiation in key tissue and organ systems that result in pathological consequences in adult life. This review focuses on those experimental studies that have investigated the critical windows during which perturbations of the intrauterine environment have major effects, the nature of the epigenetic, structural, and functional adaptive responses which result in a permanent programming of cardiovascular and metabolic function, and the role of the interaction between the pre- and postnatal environment in determining final health outcomes.
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N. B. Ojeda, D. Grigore, L. L. Yanes, R. Iliescu, E. B. Robertson, H. Zhang, and B. T. Alexander Testosterone contributes to marked elevations in mean arterial pressure in adult male intrauterine growth restricted offspring Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2007; 292(2): R758 - R763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Khorram, M. Momeni, M. Desai, and M. G. Ross Nutrient Restriction In Utero Induces Remodeling of the Vascular Extracellular Matrix in Rat Offspring Reproductive Sciences, January 1, 2007; 14(1): 73 - 80. [Abstract] [PDF]
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H. Dickinson, D. W. Walker, E. M. Wintour, and K. Moritz Maternal dexamethasone treatment at midgestation reduces nephron number and alters renal gene expression in the fetal spiny mouse Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): R453 - R461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Landmann, F. Geller, J. Schilling, S. Rudloff, E. Foeller-Gaudier, and L. Gortner Absence of the Wild-type Allele (192 Base Pairs) of a Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of the IGF-I Gene but Not a Polymorphism in the Insulin Gene Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Locus Is Associated With Accelerated Weight Gain in Infancy Pediatrics, December 1, 2006; 118(6): 2374 - 2379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Iniguez, K. Ong, R. Bazaes, A. Avila, T. Salazar, D. Dunger, and V. Mericq Longitudinal Changes in Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, Insulin Sensitivity, and Secretion from Birth to Age Three Years in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2006; 91(11): 4645 - 4649. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Rahnama, F. Shafiei, P. D. Gluckman, M. D. Mitchell, and P. E. Lobie Epigenetic Regulation of Human Trophoblastic Cell Migration and Invasion Endocrinology, November 1, 2006; 147(11): 5275 - 5283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Thone-Reineke, P. Kalk, M. Dorn, S. Klaus, K. Simon, T. Pfab, M. Godes, P. Persson, T. Unger, and B. Hocher High-protein nutrition during pregnancy and lactation programs blood pressure, food efficiency, and body weight of the offspring in a sex-dependent manner Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): R1025 - R1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Yzydorczyk, F. Gobeil Jr., G. Cambonie, I. Lahaie, N. L. O. Le, S. Samarani, A. Ahmad, J. C. Lavoie, L. L. Oligny, P. Pladys, et al. Exaggerated vasomotor response to ANG II in rats with fetal programming of hypertension associated with exposure to a low-protein diet during gestation Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): R1060 - R1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Bursztyn, M.-L. Gross, T. Goltser-Dubner, N. Koleganova, T. Birman, Y. Smith, and I. Ariel Adult Hypertension in Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Offspring of Hyperinsulinemic Rats: Evidence of Subtle Renal Damage Hypertension, October 1, 2006; 48(4): 717 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. I. Hernandez, A. Martinez, T. Capurro, V. Pena, L. Trejo, A. Avila, T. Salazar, S. Asenjo, G. Iniguez, and V. Mericq Comparison of Clinical, Ultrasonographic, and Biochemical Differences at the Beginning of Puberty in Healthy Girls Born Either Small for Gestational Age or Appropriate for Gestational Age: Preliminary Results J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3377 - 3381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Wu, F. W. Bazer, J. M. Wallace, and T. E. Spencer BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Intrauterine growth retardation: Implications for the animal sciences J Anim Sci, September 1, 2006; 84(9): 2316 - 2337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Y. Kwong, D. J Miller, E. Ursell, A. E Wild, A. P Wilkins, C. Osmond, F. W Anthony, and T. P Fleming Imprinted gene expression in the rat embryo-fetal axis is altered in response to periconceptional maternal low protein diet. Reproduction, August 1, 2006; 132(2): 265 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Fernandez-Twinn, S. Ekizoglou, A. Wayman, C. J. Petry, and S. E. Ozanne Maternal low-protein diet programs cardiac beta-adrenergic response and signaling in 3-mo-old male offspring Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): R429 - R436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Segar, R. D. Roghair, E. M. Segar, M. C. Bailey, T. D. Scholz, and F. S. Lamb Early gestation dexamethasone alters baroreflex and vascular responses in newborn lambs before hypertension Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): R481 - R488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. H. Bloomfield, P. L. van Zijl, M. K. Bauer, H. H. Phua, and J. E. Harding Effect of pulsatile growth hormone administration to the growth-restricted fetal sheep on somatotrophic axis gene expression in fetal and placental tissues Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2006; 291(2): E333 - E339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. E Trujillo-Ortega, D. Mota-Rojas, R. Hernandez-Gonzalez, E. Y. Velazquez-Armenta, A. A Nava-Ocampo, R. Ramirez-Necoechea, M. Becerril-Herrera, and M. Alonso-Spilsbury Obstetric and neonatal outcomes to recombinant porcine somatotropin administered in the last third of pregnancy to primiparous sows. J. Endocrinol., June 1, 2006; 189(3): 575 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Xu, S. J. Williams, D. O'Brien, and S. T. Davidge Hypoxia or nutrient restriction during pregnancy in rats leads to progressive cardiac remodeling and impairs postischemic recovery in adult male offspring FASEB J, June 1, 2006; 20(8): 1251 - 1253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. S. Stump, M. T. Hamilton, and J. R. Sowers Effect of Antihypertensive Agents on the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Mayo Clin. Proc., June 1, 2006; 81(6): 796 - 806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Garg, M. Thamotharan, L. Rogers, S. Bassilian, W. N. P. Lee, and S. U. Devaskar Glucose metabolic adaptations in the intrauterine growth-restricted adult female rat offspring Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1218 - E1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. O Krechowec, M. Vickers, A. Gertler, and B. H Breier Prenatal influences on leptin sensitivity and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2006; 189(2): 355 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Fowden, J. W. Ward, F. P. B. Wooding, A. J. Forhead, and M. Constancia Programming placental nutrient transport capacity J. Physiol., April 1, 2006; 572(1): 5 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Feil, M. Lane, C. T. Roberts, R. L. Kelley, L. J. Edwards, J. G. Thompson, and K. L. Kind Effect of culturing mouse embryos under different oxygen concentrations on subsequent fetal and placental development J. Physiol., April 1, 2006; 572(1): 87 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Novotny, Y. G. Daida, J. S. Grove, L. L. Marchand, and V. Vijayadeva Asian Adolescents Have a Higher Trunk:Peripheral Fat Ratio than Whites J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 642 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-Y. Yeh and S.-m. Yeh Homocysteine-Lowering Action Is Another Potential Cardiovascular Protective Factor of Aged Garlic Extract J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 745S - 749S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Zandi-Nejad, V. A. Luyckx, and B. M. Brenner Adult Hypertension and Kidney Disease: The Role of Fetal Programming Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 502 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. L. Fowden, D. A. Giussani, and A. J. Forhead Intrauterine Programming of Physiological Systems: Causes and Consequences Physiology, February 1, 2006; 21(1): 29 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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