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The Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Studies, University College London Hospital and Medical School, London, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama
Yellon, Derek M., and James M. Downey. Preconditioning the Myocardium: From Cellular Physiology to Clinical Cardiology. Physiol Rev 83: 1113-1151, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00009.2003.—The phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning, in which a period of sublethal ischemia can profoundly protect the cell from infarction during a subsequent ischemic insult, has been responsible for an enormous amount of research over the last 15 years. Ischemic preconditioning is associated with two forms of protection: a classical form lasting 
2 h after the preconditioning ischemia followed a day later by a second window of protection lasting 3 days. Both types of preconditioning share similarities in that the preconditioning ischemia provokes the release of several autacoids that trigger protection by occupying cell surface receptors. Receptor occupancy activates complex signaling cascades which during the lethal ischemia converge on one or more end-effectors to mediate the protection. The end-effectors so far have eluded identification, although a number have been proposed. A range of different pharmacological agents that activate the signaling cascades at the various levels can mimic ischemic preconditioning leading to the hope that specific therapeutic agents can be designed to exploit the profound protection seen with ischemic preconditioning. This review examines, in detail, the complex mechanisms associated with both forms of preconditioning as well as discusses the possibility to exploit this phenomenon in the clinical setting. As our understanding of the mechanisms associated with preconditioning are unravelled, we believe we can look forward to the development of new therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action that can supplement current treatment options for patients threatened with acute myocardial infarction.
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W. Y. Vanagt, R. N. Cornelussen, Q. P. Poulina, E. Blaauw, K. Vernooy, J. P. Cleutjens, M. van Bilsen, T. Delhaas, and F. W. Prinzen Pacing-Induced Dys-Synchrony Preconditions Rabbit Myocardium Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Circulation, July 4, 2006; 114(1_suppl): I-264 - I-269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Johnson, R. L. Moore, and D. A. Brown Sex differences in myocardial infarct size are abolished by sarcolemmal KATP channel blockade in rat Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): H2644 - H2647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Zweier and M.A. H. Talukder The role of oxidants and free radicals in reperfusion injury Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 181 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. R. Gross and G. J. Gross Ligand triggers of classical preconditioning and postconditioning Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 212 - 221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Diaz and G. J. Wilson Studying ischemic preconditioning in isolated cardiomyocyte models Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 286 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Monnet, B. Ghaleh, L. Lucats, P. Colin, R. Zini, L. Hittinger, and A. Berdeaux Phenotypic adaptation of the late preconditioned heart: Myocardial oxygen consumption is reduced Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 391 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Miki, T. Miura, T. Yano, A. Takahashi, J. Sakamoto, M. Tanno, H. Kobayashi, Y. Ikeda, M. Nishihara, K. Naitoh, et al. Alteration in Erythropoietin-Induced Cardioprotective Signaling by Postinfarct Ventricular Remodeling J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2006; 317(1): 68 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Przyklenk, M. Maynard, and P. Whittaker Reduction of infarct size with D-myo-inositol trisphosphate: role of PI3-kinase and mitochondrial KATP channels Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H830 - H836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Zheng, A. Chin, I. Duignan, K.-H. Won, M. K. Hong, and J. M. Edelberg Growth factor-mediated reversal of senescent dysfunction of ischemia-induced cardioprotection Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H525 - H530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Domenech Preconditioning: A New Concept About the Benefit of Exercise Circulation, January 3, 2006; 113(1): e1 - e3. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Giricz, M. M. Lalu, C. Csonka, P. Bencsik, R. Schulz, and P. Ferdinandy Hyperlipidemia Attenuates the Infarct Size-Limiting Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning: Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Inhibition J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2006; 316(1): 154 - 161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-C. Bopassa, R. Ferrera, O. Gateau-Roesch, E. Couture-Lepetit, and M. Ovize PI 3-kinase regulates the mitochondrial transition pore in controlled reperfusion and postconditioning Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 178 - 185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Lecour, N. Suleman, G. A. Deuchar, S. Somers, L. Lacerda, B. Huisamen, and L. H. Opie Pharmacological Preconditioning With Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 at Reperfusion Without Involving Classic Prosurvival Kinases (Akt and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase) Circulation, December 20, 2005; 112(25): 3911 - 3918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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