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Muscle Biology Group, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
Goll, Darrel E., Valery F. Thompson, Hongqi Li, Wei Wei, and Jinyang Cong. The Calpain System. Physiol Rev 83: 731–801, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00029.2002.—The calpain system originally comprised three molecules: two Ca2+-dependent proteases, µ-calpain and m-calpain, and a third polypeptide, calpastatin, whose only known function is to inhibit the two calpains. Both µ- and m-calpain are heterodimers containing an identical 28-kDa subunit and an 80-kDa subunit that shares 55–65% sequence homology between the two proteases. The crystallographic structure of m-calpain reveals six "domains" in the 80-kDa subunit: 1) a 19-amino acid NH2-terminal sequence; 2) and 3) two domains that constitute the active site, IIa and IIb; 4) domain III; 5) an 18-amino acid extended sequence linking domain III to domain IV; and 6) domain IV, which resembles the penta EF-hand family of polypeptides. The single calpastatin gene can produce eight or more calpastatin polypeptides ranging from 17 to 85 kDa by use of different promoters and alternative splicing events. The physiological significance of these different calpastatins is unclear, although all bind to three different places on the calpain molecule; binding to at least two of the sites is Ca2+ dependent. Since 1989, cDNA cloning has identified 12 additional mRNAs in mammals that encode polypeptides homologous to domains IIa and IIb of the 80-kDa subunit of µ- and m-calpain, and calpain-like mRNAs have been identified in other organisms. The molecules encoded by these mRNAs have not been isolated, so little is known about their properties. How calpain activity is regulated in cells is still unclear, but the calpains ostensibly participate in a variety of cellular processes including remodeling of cytoskeletal/membrane attachments, different signal transduction pathways, and apoptosis. Deregulated calpain activity following loss of Ca2+ homeostasis results in tissue damage in response to events such as myocardial infarcts, stroke, and brain trauma.
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H. Akashiba, Y. Ikegaya, N. Nishiyama, and N. Matsuki Differential Involvement of Cell Cycle Reactivation between Striatal and Cortical Neurons in Cell Death Induced by 3-Nitropropionic Acid J. Biol. Chem., March 7, 2008; 283(10): 6594 - 6606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. Norton, T. Parr, K. Chokkalingam, R. G. Bardsley, H. Ye, G. I. Bell, M. M. A. L. Pelsers, L. J. C. van Loon, and K. Tsintzas Calpain-10 Gene and Protein Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle: Effect of Acute Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2008; 93(3): 992 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Petit, M. A. Karajannis, L. Vincent, L. Young, J. Butler, A. T. Hooper, K. Shido, H. Steller, D. J. Chaplin, E. Feldman, et al. The microtubule-targeting agent CA4P regresses leukemic xenografts by disrupting interaction with vascular cells and mitochondrial-dependent cell death Blood, February 15, 2008; 111(4): 1951 - 1961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Badugu, M. Garcia, V. Bondada, A. Joshi, and J. W. Geddes N Terminus of Calpain 1 Is a Mitochondrial Targeting Sequence J. Biol. Chem., February 8, 2008; 283(6): 3409 - 3417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Upla, V. Marjomaki, L. Nissinen, C. Nylund, M. Waris, T. Hyypia, and J. Heino Calpain 1 and 2 Are Required for RNA Replication of Echovirus 1 J. Virol., February 1, 2008; 82(3): 1581 - 1590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G. Sedding, M. Homann, U. Seay, H. Tillmanns, K. T. Preissner, and R. C. Braun-Dullaeus Calpain counteracts mechanosensitive apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo FASEB J, February 1, 2008; 22(2): 579 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. W. Park and Y. Emori Drosophila Calpain B is Monomeric and Autolyzes Intramolecularly J. Biochem., February 1, 2008; 143(2): 217 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G. Allen, G. D. Lamb, and H. Westerblad Skeletal Muscle Fatigue: Cellular Mechanisms Physiol Rev, January 1, 2008; 88(1): 287 - 332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G. Allen, G. D. Lamb, and H. Westerblad Impaired calcium release during fatigue J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2008; 104(1): 296 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. E. Gardiner, D. Karunakaran, J. F. Arthur, F.-T. Mu, M. S. Powell, R. I. Baker, P. M. Hogarth, M. L. Kahn, R. K. Andrews, and M. C. Berndt Dual ITAM-mediated proteolytic pathways for irreversible inactivation of platelet receptors: de-ITAM-izing Fc{gamma}RIIa Blood, January 1, 2008; 111(1): 165 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. A. Darnell, W. A. Schroder, T. M. Antalis, E. Lambley, L. Major, J. Gardner, G. Birrell, A. Cid-Arregui, and A. Suhrbier Human Papillomavirus E7 Requires the Protease Calpain to Degrade the Retinoblastoma Protein J. Biol. Chem., December 28, 2007; 282(52): 37492 - 37500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Mellgren and X. Huang Fetuin A Stabilizes m-Calpain and Facilitates Plasma Membrane Repair J. Biol. Chem., December 7, 2007; 282(49): 35868 - 35877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. P. McKernan, M. B. Guerin, C. J. O'Brien, and T. G. Cotter A Key Role for Calpains in Retinal Ganglion Cell Death Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2007; 48(12): 5420 - 5430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Song, N.-c. You, Y.-H. Hsu, J. Sul, L. Wang, L. Tinker, C. B. Eaton, and S. Liu Common genetic variation in calpain-10 gene (CAPN10) and diabetes risk in a multi-ethnic cohort of American postmenopausal women Hum. Mol. Genet., December 1, 2007; 16(23): 2960 - 2971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Camou, S. W. Mares, J. A. Marchello, R. Vazquez, M. Taylor, V. F. Thompson, and D. E. Goll Isolation and characterization of {micro}-calpain, m-calpain, and calpastatin from postmortem muscle. I. Initial steps J Anim Sci, December 1, 2007; 85(12): 3400 - 3414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. Khan, C. D. Bhanumathy, Z. T. Schug, and S. K. Joseph Role of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors in Apoptosis in DT40 Lymphocytes J. Biol. Chem., November 9, 2007; 282(45): 32983 - 32990. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Libertini, C. G. Tepper, V. Rodriguez, D. M. Asmuth, H.-J. Kung, and M. Mudryj Evidence for Calpain-Mediated Androgen Receptor Cleavage as a Mechanism for Androgen Independence Cancer Res., October 1, 2007; 67(19): 9001 - 9005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Miyazaki, K. Honda, and H. Ohata Requirement of Ca2+ influx- and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated m-calpain activity for shear stress-induced endothelial cell polarity Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): C1216 - C1225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Camou, J. A. Marchello, V. F. Thompson, S. W. Mares, and D. E. Goll Effect of postmortem storage on activity of {micro}- and m-calpain in five bovine muscles J Anim Sci, October 1, 2007; 85(10): 2670 - 2681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Q. Tian, L. Olsen, B. Sun, S. E. Lid, R. C. Brown, B. E. Lemmon, K. Fosnes, D. Gruis, H.-G. Opsahl-Sorteberg, M. S. Otegui, et al. Subcellular Localization and Functional Domain Studies of DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 in Maize and Arabidopsis Suggest a Model for Aleurone Cell Fate Specification Involving CRINKLY4 and SUPERNUMERARY ALEURONE LAYER1 PLANT CELL, October 1, 2007; 19(10): 3127 - 3145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Hata, N. Doi, F. Kitamura, and H. Sorimachi Stomach-specific Calpain, nCL-2/Calpain 8, Is Active without Calpain Regulatory Subunit and Oligomerizes through C2-like Domains J. Biol. Chem., September 21, 2007; 282(38): 27847 - 27856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Sanchez-Sanchez, F. Martinez-Redondo, J. D. Aroca-Aguilar, M. Coca-Prados, and J. Escribano Characterization of the Intracellular Proteolytic Cleavage of Myocilin and Identification of Calpain II as a Myocilin-processing Protease J. Biol. Chem., September 21, 2007; 282(38): 27810 - 27824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M. Murphy, C. A. Goodman, M. J. McKenna, J. Bennie, M. Leikis, and G. D. Lamb Calpain-3 is autolyzed and hence activated in human skeletal muscle 24 h following a single bout of eccentric exercise J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2007; 103(3): 926 - 931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. M. Kuchay, N. Kim, E. A. Grunz, W. P. Fay, and A. H. Chishti Double Knockouts Reveal that Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Is a Physiological Target of Calpain-1 in Platelets Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 2007; 27(17): 6038 - 6052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Peyrou, P. E. Hanna, and A. E. Cribb Calpain Inhibition but not Reticulum Endoplasmic Stress Preconditioning Protects Rat Kidneys from p-Aminophenol Toxicity Toxicol. Sci., September 1, 2007; 99(1): 338 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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