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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 82, No. 3, July 2002, pp. 601-636; 10.1152/physrev.00002.2002.
Copyright ©2002 by the American Physiological Society
Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Syka, Josef
Plastic Changes in the Central Auditory System After Hearing
Loss, Restoration of Function, and During Learning. Physiol. Rev. 82: 601-636, 2002.
Traditionally the auditory system was
considered a hard-wired sensory system; this view has been
challenged in recent years in light of the plasticity of other sensory
systems, particularly the visual and somatosensory systems. Practical
experience in clinical audiology together with the use of prosthetic
devices, such as cochlear implants, contributed significantly to the
present view on the plasticity of the central auditory system, which
was originally based on data obtained in animal experiments. The loss of auditory receptors, the hair cells, results in profound changes in
the structure and function of the central auditory system, typically
demonstrated by a reorganization of the projection maps in the auditory
cortex. These plastic changes occur not only as a consequence of
mechanical lesions of the cochlea or biochemical lesions of the hair
cells by ototoxic drugs, but also as a consequence of the loss of hair
cells in connection with aging or noise exposure. In light of the aging
world population and the increasing amount of noise in the modern
world, understanding the plasticity of the central auditory system has
its practical consequences and urgency. In most of these situations, a
common denominator of central plastic changes is a deterioration of
inhibition in the subcortical auditory nuclei and the auditory cortex.
In addition to the processes that are elicited by decreased or lost
receptor function, the function of nerve cells in the adult central
auditory system may dynamically change in the process of learning. A
better understanding of the plastic changes in the central auditory
system after sensory deafferentation, sensory stimulation, and learning may contribute significantly to improvement in the rehabilitation of
damaged or lost auditory function and consequently to improved speech
processing and production.
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