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Physiol. Rev. 82: 373-428, 2002;
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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 82, No. 2, April 2002, pp. 373-428; 10.1152/physrev.00027.2001.
Copyright ©2002 by the American Physiological Society

The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Proteolytic Pathway: Destruction for the Sake of Construction

Michael H. Glickman and Aaron Ciechanover

Faculty of Biology and the Institute for Catalysis Science and Technology, and Department of Biochemistry, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Glickman, Michael H. and Aaron Ciechanover. The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Proteolytic Pathway: Destruction for the Sake of Construction. Physiol. Rev. 82: 373-428, 2002.Between the 1960s and 1980s, most life scientists focused their attention on studies of nucleic acids and the translation of the coded information. Protein degradation was a neglected area, considered to be a nonspecific, dead-end process. Although it was known that proteins do turn over, the large extent and high specificity of the process, whereby distinct proteins have half-lives that range from a few minutes to several days, was not appreciated. The discovery of the lysosome by Christian de Duve did not significantly change this view, because it became clear that this organelle is involved mostly in the degradation of extracellular proteins, and their proteases cannot be substrate specific. The discovery of the complex cascade of the ubiquitin pathway revolutionized the field. It is clear now that degradation of cellular proteins is a highly complex, temporally controlled, and tightly regulated process that plays major roles in a variety of basic pathways during cell life and death as well as in health and disease. With the multitude of substrates targeted and the myriad processes involved, it is not surprising that aberrations in the pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, certain malignancies, and neurodegeneration among them. Degradation of a protein via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway involves two successive steps: 1) conjugation of multiple ubiquitin moieties to the substrate and 2) degradation of the tagged protein by the downstream 26S proteasome complex. Despite intensive research, the unknown still exceeds what we currently know on intracellular protein degradation, and major key questions have remained unsolved. Among these are the modes of specific and timed recognition for the degradation of the many substrates and the mechanisms that underlie aberrations in the system that lead to pathogenesis of diseases.




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Plant Physiol.Home page
G. Den Herder, A. De Keyser, R. De Rycke, S. Rombauts, W. Van de Velde, M. R. Clemente, C. Verplancke, P. Mergaert, E. Kondorosi, M. Holsters, et al.
Seven in Absentia Proteins Affect Plant Growth and Nodulation in Medicago truncatula
Plant Physiology, September 1, 2008; 148(1): 369 - 382.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. B. Pratt, Y. Morishima, and Y. Osawa
The Hsp90 Chaperone Machinery Regulates Signaling by Modulating Ligand Binding Clefts
J. Biol. Chem., August 22, 2008; 283(34): 22885 - 22889.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
L. Bedford, D. Hay, A. Devoy, S. Paine, D. G. Powe, R. Seth, T. Gray, I. Topham, K. Fone, N. Rezvani, et al.
Depletion of 26S Proteasomes in Mouse Brain Neurons Causes Neurodegeneration and Lewy-Like Inclusions Resembling Human Pale Bodies
J. Neurosci., August 13, 2008; 28(33): 8189 - 8198.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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IOVSHome page
X. Zhang, J. Zhou, A. F. Fernandes, J. R. Sparrow, P. Pereira, A. Taylor, and F. Shang
The Proteasome: A Target of Oxidative Damage in Cultured Human Retina Pigment Epithelial Cells
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2008; 49(8): 3622 - 3630.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
J. T. Lei and M. Martinez-Moczygemba
Separate endocytic pathways regulate IL-5 receptor internalization and signaling
J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2008; 84(2): 499 - 509.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cardiovasc ResHome page
E. J. Birks, N. Latif, K. Enesa, T. Folkvang, L. A. Luong, P. Sarathchandra, M. Khan, H. Ovaa, C. M. Terracciano, P. J.R. Barton, et al.
Elevated p53 expression is associated with dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in dilated cardiomyopathy
Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2008; 79(3): 472 - 480.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. F. Fernandes, J. Zhou, X. Zhang, Q. Bian, J. Sparrow, A. Taylor, P. Pereira, and F. Shang
Oxidative Inactivation of the Proteasome in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A POTENTIAL LINK BETWEEN OXIDATIVE STRESS AND UP-REGULATION OF INTERLEUKIN-8
J. Biol. Chem., July 25, 2008; 283(30): 20745 - 20753.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
N.-Y. Zhang, Z. Tang, and C.-W. Liu
{alpha}-Synuclein Protofibrils Inhibit 26 S Proteasome-mediated Protein Degradation: UNDERSTANDING THE CYTOTOXICITY OF PROTEIN PROTOFIBRILS IN NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE PATHOGENESIS
J. Biol. Chem., July 18, 2008; 283(29): 20288 - 20298.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
B. Sehat, S. Andersson, L. Girnita, and O. Larsson
Identification of c-Cbl as a New Ligase for Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor with Distinct Roles from Mdm2 in Receptor Ubiquitination and Endocytosis
Cancer Res., July 15, 2008; 68(14): 5669 - 5677.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. S. Saliba, M. Pangalos, and S. J. Moss
The Ubiquitin-like Protein Plic-1 Enhances the Membrane Insertion of GABAA Receptors by Increasing Their Stability within the Endoplasmic Reticulum
J. Biol. Chem., July 4, 2008; 283(27): 18538 - 18544.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Enesa, K. Ito, L. A. Luong, I. Thorbjornsen, C. Phua, Y. To, J. Dean, D. O. Haskard, J. Boyle, I. Adcock, et al.
Hydrogen Peroxide Prolongs Nuclear Localization of NF-{kappa}B in Activated Cells by Suppressing Negative Regulatory Mechanisms
J. Biol. Chem., July 4, 2008; 283(27): 18582 - 18590.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
M. Kraus, E. Malenke, J. Gogel, H. Muller, T. Ruckrich, H. Overkleeft, H. Ovaa, E. Koscielniak, J. T. Hartmann, and C. Driessen
Ritonavir induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and sensitizes sarcoma cells toward bortezomib-induced apoptosis
Mol. Cancer Ther., July 1, 2008; 7(7): 1940 - 1948.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
R. Gonzalez-Fernandez, E. Martinez-Galisteo, F. Gaytan, J. A. Barcena, and J. E. Sanchez-Criado
Changes in the Proteome of Functional and Regressing Corpus Luteum During Pregnancy and Lactation in the Rat
Biol Reprod, July 1, 2008; 79(1): 100 - 114.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
G. Gao, J. Zhang, X. Si, J. Wong, C. Cheung, B. McManus, and H. Luo
Proteasome inhibition attenuates coxsackievirus-induced myocardial damage in mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): H401 - H408.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Virol.Home page
S. Bottcher, C. Maresch, H. Granzow, B. G. Klupp, J. P. Teifke, and T. C. Mettenleiter
Mutagenesis of the Active-Site Cysteine in the Ubiquitin-Specific Protease Contained in Large Tegument Protein pUL36 of Pseudorabies Virus Impairs Viral Replication In Vitro and Neuroinvasion In Vivo
J. Virol., June 15, 2008; 82(12): 6009 - 6016.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Miyauchi, M. Kato, F. Tokunaga, and K. Iwai
The COP9/Signalosome Increases the Efficiency of von Hippel-Lindau Protein Ubiquitin Ligase-mediated Hypoxia-inducible Factor-{alpha} Ubiquitination
J. Biol. Chem., June 13, 2008; 283(24): 16622 - 16631.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Kohlmann, A. Schafer, and D. H. Wolf
Ubiquitin Ligase Hul5 Is Required for Fragment-specific Substrate Degradation in Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation
J. Biol. Chem., June 13, 2008; 283(24): 16374 - 16383.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JEMHome page
S. Aoufouchi, A. Faili, C. Zober, O. D'Orlando, S. Weller, J.-C. Weill, and C.-A. Reynaud
Proteasomal degradation restricts the nuclear lifespan of AID
J. Exp. Med., June 9, 2008; 205(6): 1357 - 1368.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BrainHome page
I. Ferrer, G. Santpere, and F. W. van Leeuwen
Argyrophilic grain disease
Brain, June 1, 2008; 131(6): 1416 - 1432.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
L. Wang, S. Kumar, B. L. Fridley, K. R. Kalari, I. Moon, L. L. Pelleymounter, M. A.T. Hildebrandt, A. Batzler, B. W. Eckloff, E. D. Wieben, et al.
Proteasome {beta} Subunit Pharmacogenomics: Gene Resequencing and Functional Genomics
Clin. Cancer Res., June 1, 2008; 14(11): 3503 - 3513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Plant CellHome page
Y. Zhang, S. Feng, F. Chen, H. Chen, J. Wang, C. McCall, Y. Xiong, and X. W. Deng
Arabidopsis DDB1-CUL4 ASSOCIATED FACTOR1 Forms a Nuclear E3 Ubiquitin Ligase with DDB1 and CUL4 That Is Involved in Multiple Plant Developmental Processes
PLANT CELL, June 1, 2008; 20(6): 1437 - 1455.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Biol. CellHome page
M. M.J. Cohen, G. P. Leboucher, N. Livnat-Levanon, M. H. Glickman, and A. M. Weissman
Ubiquitin-Proteasome-dependent Degradation of a Mitofusin, a Critical Regulator of Mitochondrial Fusion
Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 2008; 19(6): 2457 - 2464.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
B. H. Ha, H.-C. Ahn, S. H. Kang, K. Tanaka, C. H. Chung, and E. E. Kim
Structural Basis for Ufm1 Processing by UfSP1
J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2008; 283(21): 14893 - 14900.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. A. Glenn, R. F. Nelson, H. M. Wen, A. J. Mallinger, and H. L. Paulson
Diversity in Tissue Expression, Substrate Binding, and SCF Complex Formation for a Lectin Family of Ubiquitin Ligases
J. Biol. Chem., May 9, 2008; 283(19): 12717 - 12729.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
O. A. Bazirgan and R. Y. Hampton
Cue1p Is an Activator of Ubc7p E2 Activity in Vitro and in Vivo
J. Biol. Chem., May 9, 2008; 283(19): 12797 - 12810.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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GENES CELLSHome page
S. Maezawa, T. Hayano, K. Koiwai, R. Fukushima, K. Kouda, T. Kubota, and O. Koiwai
Bood POZ containing gene type 2 is a human counterpart of yeast Btb3p and promotes the degradation of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase.
Genes Cells, May 1, 2008; 13(5): 439 - 457.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Biol. CellHome page
A. O. Manfiolli, A. L. G.C. Maragno, M. M.A. Baqui, S. Yokoo, F. R. Teixeira, E. B. Oliveira, and M. D. Gomes
FBXO25-associated Nuclear Domains: A Novel Subnuclear Structure
Mol. Biol. Cell, May 1, 2008; 19(5): 1848 - 1861.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. Rondou, G. Haegeman, P. Vanhoenacker, and K. Van Craenenbroeck
BTB Protein KLHL12 Targets the Dopamine D4 Receptor for Ubiquitination by a Cul3-based E3 Ligase
J. Biol. Chem., April 25, 2008; 283(17): 11083 - 11096.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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aacredbookHome page
P. M Voorhees, E C. Dees, B. O'Neil, and R. Z Orlowski
The Proteasome as a Target for Cancer Therapy
Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Educ. Book, April 12, 2008; 2008(1): 153 - 170.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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GENES CELLSHome page
M. Hayakawa, M. Matsushima, H. Hagiwara, T. Oshima, T. Fujino, K. Ando, K. Kikugawa, H. Tanaka, K. Miyazawa, and M. Kitagawa
Novel insights into FGD3, a putative GEF for Cdc42, that undergoes SCF(FWD1/beta-TrCP)-mediated proteasomal degradation analogous to that of its homologue FGD1 but regulates cell morphology and motility differently from FGD1.
Genes Cells, April 1, 2008; 13(4): 329 - 342.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Sci SignalHome page
D. M. Lonard and B. W. O'Malley
SRC-3 Transcription-Coupled Activation, Degradation, and the Ubiquitin Clock: Is There Enough Coactivator to Go Around in Cells?
Sci. Signal., April 1, 2008; 1(13): pe16 - pe16.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J ANIM SCIHome page
D. E. Goll, G. Neti, S. W. Mares, and V. F. Thompson
Myofibrillar protein turnover: The proteasome and the calpains
J Anim Sci, April 1, 2008; 86(14_suppl): E19 - E35.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JEMHome page
M.-H. Fortier, E. Caron, M.-P. Hardy, G. Voisin, S. Lemieux, C. Perreault, and P. Thibault
The MHC class I peptide repertoire is molded by the transcriptome
J. Exp. Med., March 17, 2008; 205(3): 595 - 610.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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