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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 81, No. 4, October 2001, pp. 1725-1789
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Gandevia, S. C.
Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue. Physiol. Rev. 81: 1725-1789, 2001.
Muscle
fatigue is an exercise-induced reduction in maximal voluntary
muscle force. It may arise not only because of peripheral changes at
the level of the muscle, but also because the central nervous system
fails to drive the motoneurons adequately. Evidence for "central"
fatigue and the neural mechanisms underlying it are reviewed, together
with its terminology and the methods used to reveal it. Much data
suggest that voluntary activation of human motoneurons and muscle
fibers is suboptimal and thus maximal voluntary force is commonly less
than true maximal force. Hence, maximal voluntary strength can often be
below true maximal muscle force. The technique of twitch interpolation
has helped to reveal the changes in drive to motoneurons during
fatigue. Voluntary activation usually diminishes during maximal
voluntary isometric tasks, that is central fatigue develops, and motor
unit firing rates decline. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the
motor cortex during fatiguing exercise has revealed focal changes in
cortical excitability and inhibitability based on electromyographic
(EMG) recordings, and a decline in supraspinal "drive" based on
force recordings. Some of the changes in motor cortical behavior can be
dissociated from the development of this "supraspinal" fatigue.
Central changes also occur at a spinal level due to the altered input
from muscle spindle, tendon organ, and group III and IV muscle
afferents innervating the fatiguing muscle. Some intrinsic adaptive
properties of the motoneurons help to minimize fatigue. A number of
other central changes occur during fatigue and affect, for example,
proprioception, tremor, and postural control. Human muscle fatigue does
not simply reside in the muscle.
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N. Babault, K. Desbrosses, M.-S. Fabre, A. Michaut, and M. Pousson Neuromuscular fatigue development during maximal concentric and isometric knee extensions J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2006; 100(3): 780 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. McNeil, B. J. Murray, and C. L. Rice Differential changes in muscle oxygenation between voluntary and stimulated isometric fatigue of human dorsiflexors J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2006; 100(3): 890 - 895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. M. Romer, A. T. Lovering, H. C. Haverkamp, D. F. Pegelow, and J. A. Dempsey Effect of inspiratory muscle work on peripheral fatigue of locomotor muscles in healthy humans J. Physiol., March 1, 2006; 571(2): 425 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Prasartwuth, T. J. Allen, J. E. Butler, S. C. Gandevia, and J. L. Taylor Length-dependent changes in voluntary activation, maximum voluntary torque and twitch responses after eccentric damage in humans J. Physiol., February 15, 2006; 571(1): 243 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Saltin, J. A. L. Calbet, and P. D. Wagner Point: In health and in a normoxic environment, VO2 max is limited primarily by cardiac output and locomotor muscle blood flow J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2006; 100(2): 744 - 748. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. J. Mottram, K. S. Maluf, J. L. Stephenson, M. K. Anderson, and R. M. Enoka Prolonged Vibration of the Biceps Brachii Tendon Reduces Time to Failure When Maintaining Arm Position With a Submaximal Load J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2006; 95(2): 1185 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. D. Fernstrom and R. R. Wolfe Introduction to Symposium on Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Exercise J. Nutr., February 1, 2006; 136(2): 524S - 524S. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Fernstrom and M. H. Fernstrom Exercise, Serum Free Tryptophan, and Central Fatigue J. Nutr., February 1, 2006; 136(2): 553S - 559S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. M. Romer, H. C. Haverkamp, A. T. Lovering, D. F. Pegelow, and J. A. Dempsey Effect of exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia on quadriceps muscle fatigue in healthy humans Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): R365 - R375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Kurtzer, J. A. Pruszynski, T. M. Herter, and S. H. Scott Primate Upper Limb Muscles Exhibit Activity Patterns That Differ From Their Anatomical Action During a Postural Task J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2006; 95(1): 493 - 504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. A. Newsholme and E. Blomstrand Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Central Fatigue J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 274S - 276S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Munn, R. D. Herbert, M. J. Hancock, and S. C. Gandevia Training with unilateral resistance exercise increases contralateral strength J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2005; 99(5): 1880 - 1884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Cheng and C. L. Rice Fatigue and recovery of power and isometric torque following isotonic knee extensions J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2005; 99(4): 1446 - 1452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Jensen, P. C. D. Marstrand, and J. B. Nielsen Motor skill training and strength training are associated with different plastic changes in the central nervous system J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2005; 99(4): 1558 - 1568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G Corin, P H Strutton, and A H McGregor Establishment of a protocol to test fatigue of the trunk muscles Br. J. Sports Med., October 1, 2005; 39(10): 731 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. K. Hunter, A. Critchlow, and R. M. Enoka Muscle endurance is greater for old men compared with strength-matched young men J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 890 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B.M. Meyers and E. Cafarelli Caffeine increases time to fatigue by maintaining force and not by altering firing rates during submaximal isometric contractions J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 1056 - 1063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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