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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 81, No. 4, October 2001, pp. 1499-1533
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Markovich, Daniel
Physiological Roles and Regulation of Mammalian Sulfate
Transporters. Physiol. Rev. 81: 1499-1533, 2001.
All cells require inorganic sulfate for normal function. Sulfate
is among the most important macronutrients in cells and is the fourth
most abundant anion in human plasma (300 µM). Sulfate is the major
sulfur source in many organisms, and because it is a hydrophilic anion
that cannot passively cross the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, all
cells require a mechanism for sulfate influx and efflux to ensure an
optimal supply of sulfate in the body. The class of proteins involved
in moving sulfate into or out of cells is called sulfate transporters.
To date, numerous sulfate transporters have been identified in tissues
and cells from many origins. These include the renal sulfate
transporters NaSi-1 and sat-1, the ubiquitously expressed diastrophic
dysplasia sulfate transporter DTDST, the intestinal sulfate transporter
DRA that is linked to congenital chloride diarrhea, and the erythrocyte anion exchanger AE1. These transporters have only been isolated in the
last 10-15 years, and their physiological roles and contributions to
body sulfate homeostasis are just now beginning to be determined. This
review focuses on the structural and functional properties of mammalian
sulfate transporters and highlights some of regulatory mechanisms that
control their expression in vivo, under normal physiological and
pathophysiological states.
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