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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 81, No. 3, July 2001, pp. 1031-1064
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Health Sciences and Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia
Topping, David L. and
Peter M. Clifton.
Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Human Colonic Function: Roles of
Resistant Starch and Nonstarch Polysaccharides. Physiol. Rev. 81: 1031-1064, 2001.
Resistant starch (RS) is starch and products of its small
intestinal digestion that enter the large bowel. It occurs for various reasons including chemical structure, cooking of food, chemical modification, and food mastication. Human colonic bacteria ferment RS
and nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP; major components of dietary fiber)
to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), mainly acetate, propionate, and
butyrate. SCFA stimulate colonic blood flow and fluid and electrolyte
uptake. Butyrate is a preferred substrate for colonocytes and appears
to promote a normal phenotype in these cells. Fermentation of some RS
types favors butyrate production. Measurement of colonic fermentation
in humans is difficult, and indirect measures (e.g., fecal samples) or
animal models have been used. Of the latter, rodents appear to be of
limited value, and pigs or dogs are preferable. RS is less effective
than NSP in stool bulking, but epidemiological data suggest that it is
more protective against colorectal cancer, possibly via butyrate. RS is
a prebiotic, but knowledge of its other interactions with the
microflora is limited. The contribution of RS to fermentation and
colonic physiology seems to be greater than that of NSP. However, the
lack of a generally accepted analytical procedure that accommodates the
major influences on RS means this is yet to be established.
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