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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 81, No. 1, January 2001, pp. 21-50
Copyright ©2001 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
Strehler, Emanuel E. and
David A. Zacharias.
Role of Alternative Splicing in Generating Isoform Diversity
Among Plasma Membrane Calcium Pumps. Physiol. Rev. 81: 21-50, 2001.
Calcium pumps of the plasma membrane (also known as plasma
membrane Ca2+-ATPases or PMCAs) are responsible for the
expulsion of Ca2+ from the cytosol of all eukaryotic cells.
Together with Na+/Ca2+ exchangers, they are the
major plasma membrane transport system responsible for the
long-term regulation of the resting intracellular Ca2+
concentration. Like the Ca2+ pumps of the sarco/endoplasmic
reticulum (SERCAs), which pump Ca2+ from the cytosol into
the endoplasmic reticulum, the PMCAs belong to the family of P-type
primary ion transport ATPases characterized by the formation of an
aspartyl phosphate intermediate during the reaction cycle. Mammalian
PMCAs are encoded by four separate genes, and additional isoform
variants are generated via alternative RNA splicing of the primary gene
transcripts. The expression of different PMCA isoforms and splice
variants is regulated in a developmental, tissue- and cell
type-specific manner, suggesting that these pumps are functionally
adapted to the physiological needs of particular cells and tissues.
PMCAs 1 and 4 are found in virtually all tissues in the adult, whereas
PMCAs 2 and 3 are primarily expressed in excitable cells of the nervous
system and muscles. During mouse embryonic development, PMCA1 is
ubiquitously detected from the earliest time points, and all isoforms
show spatially overlapping but distinct expression patterns with
dynamic temporal changes occurring during late fetal development.
Alternative splicing affects two major locations in the plasma membrane
Ca2+ pump protein: the first intracellular loop and the
COOH-terminal tail. These two regions correspond to major
regulatory domains of the pumps. In the first cytosolic loop, the
affected region is embedded between a putative G protein binding
sequence and the site of phospholipid sensitivity, and in the
COOH-terminal tail, splicing affects pump regulation by calmodulin,
phosphorylation, and differential interaction with PDZ
domain-containing anchoring and signaling proteins. Recent evidence
demonstrating differential distribution, dynamic regulation of
expression, and major functional differences between alternative splice
variants suggests that these transporters play a more dynamic role than
hitherto assumed in the spatial and temporal control of
Ca2+ signaling. The identification of mice carrying PMCA
mutations that lead to diseases such as hearing loss and ataxia, as
well as the corresponding phenotypes of genetically engineered PMCA "knockout" mice further support the concept of specific,
nonredundant roles for each Ca2+ pump isoform in cellular
Ca2+ regulation.
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