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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 3, July 2000, pp. 953-978
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Physiology, Juntendo University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
Hikosaka, Okihide,
Yoriko Takikawa, and
Reiko Kawagoe.
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive
Saccadic Eye Movements. Physiol. Rev. 80: 953-978, 2000.
In addition to
their well-known role in skeletal movements, the basal ganglia
control saccadic eye movements (saccades) by means of their connection
to the superior colliculus (SC). The SC receives convergent inputs from
cerebral cortical areas and the basal ganglia. To make a saccade to an
object purposefully, appropriate signals must be selected out of the
cortical inputs, in which the basal ganglia play a crucial role. This
is done by the sustained inhibitory input from the substantia nigra
pars reticulata (SNr) to the SC. This inhibition can be removed by another inhibition from the caudate nucleus (CD) to the SNr, which results in a disinhibition of the SC. The basal ganglia have another mechanism, involving the external segment of the globus pallidus and
the subthalamic nucleus, with which the SNr-SC inhibition can
further be enhanced. The sensorimotor signals carried by the basal
ganglia neurons are strongly modulated depending on the behavioral
context, which reflects working memory, expectation, and attention.
Expectation of reward is a critical determinant in that the saccade
that has been rewarded is facilitated subsequently. The interaction
between cortical and dopaminergic inputs to CD neurons may underlie the
behavioral adaptation toward purposeful saccades.
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