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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 3, July 2000, pp. 1055-1081
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Department of Infectious Diseases and Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Pedersen, Bente Klarlund and
Laurie Hoffman-Goetz.
Exercise and the Immune System: Regulation, Integration, and
Adaptation. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1055-1081, 2000.
Stress-induced immunological reactions to exercise have
stimulated much research into stress immunology and neuroimmunology. It
is suggested that exercise can be employed as a model of temporary immunosuppression that occurs after severe physical stress. The exercise-stress model can be easily manipulated experimentally and
allows for the study of interactions between the nervous, the
endocrine, and the immune systems. This review focuses on mechanisms
underlying exercise-induced immune changes such as neuroendocrinological factors including catecholamines, growth hormone,
cortisol, 
-endorphin, and sex steroids. The contribution of a
metabolic link between skeletal muscles and the lymphoid system is also
reviewed. The mechanisms of exercise-associated muscle damage and
the initiation of the inflammatory cytokine cascade are discussed.
Given that exercise modulates the immune system in healthy individuals,
considerations of the clinical ramifications of exercise in the
prevention of diseases for which the immune system has a role is of
importance. Accordingly, drawing on the experimental, clinical, and
epidemiological literature, we address the interactions between
exercise and infectious diseases as well as exercise and neoplasia
within the context of both aging and nutrition.
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