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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 3, July 2000, pp. 1021-1054
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements, Washington, DC; E. Kennedy Shriver Center, Waltham; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Ross, Sharon A.,
Peter J. McCaffery,
Ursula C. Drager, and
Luigi M. De Luca.
Retinoids in Embryonal Development. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1021-1054, 2000.
The key role of vitamin A in embryonal
development is reviewed. Special emphasis is given to the physiological
action of retinoids, as evident from the retinoid ligand knockout
models. Retinoid metabolism in embryonic tissues and teratogenic
consequences of retinoid administration at high doses are presented.
Physiological and pharmacological actions of retinoids are outlined and
explained on the basis of their interactions as ligands of the nuclear
retinoid receptors. Immediate target genes and the retinoid response
elements of their promoters are summarized. The fundamental role of
homeobox genes in embryonal development and the actions of retinoids on their expression are discussed. The similarity of the effects of
retinoid ligand knockouts to effects of compound retinoid receptor knockouts on embryogenesis is presented. Although much remains to be
clarified, the emerging landscape offers exciting views for future research.
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