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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 767-852
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Departments of Neurobiology and Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and CNS/CV Biological Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
Rekling, Jens C.,
Gregory D. Funk,
Douglas A. Bayliss,
Xiao-Wei Dong, and
Jack L. Feldman.
Synaptic Control of Motoneuronal Excitability. Physiol. Rev. 80: 767-852, 2000.
Movement, the fundamental component of behavior and the
principal extrinsic action of the brain, is produced when skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to patterns of action potentials generated by motoneurons. The processes that determine the firing behavior of motoneurons are therefore important in understanding the
transformation of neural activity to motor behavior. Here, we review
recent studies on the control of motoneuronal excitability, focusing on
synaptic and cellular properties. We first present a background
description of motoneurons: their development, anatomical organization,
and membrane properties, both passive and active. We then describe the
general anatomical organization of synaptic input to motoneurons,
followed by a description of the major transmitter systems that affect
motoneuronal excitability, including ligands, receptor distribution,
pre- and postsynaptic actions, signal transduction, and functional
role. Glutamate is the main excitatory, and GABA and glycine are the
main inhibitory transmitters acting through ionotropic receptors. These
amino acids signal the principal motor commands from peripheral,
spinal, and supraspinal structures. Amines, such as serotonin and
norepinephrine, and neuropeptides, as well as the glutamate and GABA
acting at metabotropic receptors, modulate motoneuronal excitability
through pre- and postsynaptic actions. Acting principally via second
messenger systems, their actions converge on common effectors, e.g.,
leak K+ current, cationic inward current,
hyperpolarization-activated inward current, Ca2+
channels, or presynaptic release processes. Together, these numerous inputs mediate and modify incoming motor commands, ultimately generating the coordinated firing patterns that underlie muscle contractions during motor behavior.
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C. P. Washburn, J. E. Sirois, E. M. Talley, P. G. Guyenet, and D. A. Bayliss Serotonergic Raphe Neurons Express TASK Channel Transcripts and a TASK-Like pH- and Halothane-Sensitive K+ Conductance J. Neurosci., February 15, 2002; 22(4): 1256 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Mattei and A. Schmied Delayed and prolonged effects of a near threshold EPSP on the firing time of human {alpha}-motoneurones J. Physiol., February 1, 2002; 538(3): 849 - 865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M Robinson, K. C Peebles, H. Kwok, B. M Adams, L.-L. Clarke, G. A Woollard, and G. D Funk Prenatal nicotine exposure increases apnoea and reduces nicotinic potentiation of hypoglossal inspiratory output in mice J. Physiol., February 1, 2002; 538(3): 957 - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Marchetti and A. Nistri Neuronal Bursting Induced by NK3 Receptor Activation in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord In Vitro J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2001; 86(6): 2939 - 2950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Bennett, Y. Li, and M. Siu Plateau Potentials in Sacrocaudal Motoneurons of Chronic Spinal Rats, Recorded In Vitro J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2001; 86(4): 1955 - 1971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. C. Gandevia Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue Physiol Rev, October 1, 2001; 81(4): 1725 - 1789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Burnet, M. Bevengut, F. Chakri, C. Bou-Flores, P. Coulon, S. Gaytan, R. Pasaro, and G. Hilaire Altered Respiratory Activity and Respiratory Regulations in Adult Monoamine Oxidase A-Deficient Mice J. Neurosci., July 15, 2001; 21(14): 5212 - 5221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Yasuda, D. M Robinson, S. R Selvaratnam, C. W Walsh, A. J C McMorland, and G. D Funk Modulation of hypoglossal motoneuron excitability by NK1 receptor activation in neonatal mice in vitro J. Physiol., July 15, 2001; 534(2): 447 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Kjaerulff and O. Kiehn 5-HT Modulation of Multiple Inward Rectifiers in Motoneurons in Intact Preparations of the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 580 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Sawczuk and K.M. Mosier Neural Control of Tongue Movement With Respect To Respiration and Swallowing Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, January 1, 2001; 12(1): 18 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Donato and A. Nistri Relative Contribution by GABA or Glycine to Cl--Mediated Synaptic Transmission on Rat Hypoglossal Motoneurons In Vitro J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2000; 84(6): 2715 - 2724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Nunez-Abades, J. M. Pattillo, T. M. Hodgson, and W. E. Cameron Role of Synaptic Inputs in Determining Input Resistance of Developing Brain Stem Motoneurons J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2000; 84(5): 2317 - 2329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. B. Miles, M. A. Parkis, J. Lipski, and G. D. Funk Modulation of phrenic motoneuron excitability by ATP: consequences for respiratory-related output in vitro J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2002; 92(5): 1899 - 1910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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