| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 767-852
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society
Departments of Neurobiology and Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and CNS/CV Biological Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey
Rekling, Jens C.,
Gregory D. Funk,
Douglas A. Bayliss,
Xiao-Wei Dong, and
Jack L. Feldman.
Synaptic Control of Motoneuronal Excitability. Physiol. Rev. 80: 767-852, 2000.
Movement, the fundamental component of behavior and the
principal extrinsic action of the brain, is produced when skeletal muscles contract and relax in response to patterns of action potentials generated by motoneurons. The processes that determine the firing behavior of motoneurons are therefore important in understanding the
transformation of neural activity to motor behavior. Here, we review
recent studies on the control of motoneuronal excitability, focusing on
synaptic and cellular properties. We first present a background
description of motoneurons: their development, anatomical organization,
and membrane properties, both passive and active. We then describe the
general anatomical organization of synaptic input to motoneurons,
followed by a description of the major transmitter systems that affect
motoneuronal excitability, including ligands, receptor distribution,
pre- and postsynaptic actions, signal transduction, and functional
role. Glutamate is the main excitatory, and GABA and glycine are the
main inhibitory transmitters acting through ionotropic receptors. These
amino acids signal the principal motor commands from peripheral,
spinal, and supraspinal structures. Amines, such as serotonin and
norepinephrine, and neuropeptides, as well as the glutamate and GABA
acting at metabotropic receptors, modulate motoneuronal excitability
through pre- and postsynaptic actions. Acting principally via second
messenger systems, their actions converge on common effectors, e.g.,
leak K+ current, cationic inward current,
hyperpolarization-activated inward current, Ca2+
channels, or presynaptic release processes. Together, these numerous inputs mediate and modify incoming motor commands, ultimately generating the coordinated firing patterns that underlie muscle contractions during motor behavior.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  P. M. MacFarlane and G. S. Mitchell Episodic spinal serotonin receptor activation elicits long-lasting phrenic motor facilitation by an NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism J. Physiol., November 15, 2009; 587(22): 5469 - 5481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yoon, M. L. Keller, B. S. De-Lap, A. Harkins, R. Lepers, and S. K. Hunter Sex differences in response to cognitive stress during a fatiguing contraction J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2009; 107(5): 1486 - 1496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Oya, S. Riek, and A. G. Cresswell Recruitment and rate coding organisation for soleus motor units across entire range of voluntary isometric plantar flexions J. Physiol., October 1, 2009; 587(19): 4737 - 4748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. L. Horner Emerging principles and neural substrates underlying tonic sleep-state-dependent influences on respiratory motor activity Phil Trans R Soc B, September 12, 2009; 364(1529): 2553 - 2564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Taylor Point:Counterpoint: The interpolated twitch does/does not provide a valid measure of the voluntary activation of muscle J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2009; 107(1): 354 - 355. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Golder Spinal NMDA receptor activation is necessary for de novo, but not the maintenance of, A2a receptor-mediated phrenic motor facilitation J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2009; 107(1): 217 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hajiha, M.-A. DuBord, H. Liu, and R. L. Horner Opioid receptor mechanisms at the hypoglossal motor pool and effects on tongue muscle activity in vivo J. Physiol., June 1, 2009; 587(11): 2677 - 2692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Del Negro, K. Kam, J. A. Hayes, and J. L. Feldman Asymmetric control of inspiratory and expiratory phases by excitability in the respiratory network of neonatal mice in vitro J. Physiol., March 15, 2009; 587(6): 1217 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sanchez, S. Mustapic, E. J. Zuperku, A. G. Stucke, F. A. Hopp, and E. A. E. Stuth Role of Inhibitory Neurotransmission in the Control of Canine Hypoglossal Motoneuron Activity In Vivo J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2009; 101(3): 1211 - 1221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. Chang and L. J. Martin Glycinergic Innervation of Motoneurons Is Deficient in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mice: A Quantitative Confocal Analysis Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2009; 174(2): 574 - 585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. McPherson, M. D. Ellis, C. J. Heckman, and J. P. A. Dewald Evidence for Increased Activation of Persistent Inward Currents in Individuals With Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2008; 100(6): 3236 - 3243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-L. Chen, Y.-H. Huang, Y.-L. Kao, G.-D. Chen, C.-L. Cheng, H.-Y. Peng, J.-M. Liao, P.-C. Huang, S.-J. Tsai, and T.-B. Lin Acute anal stretch inhibits NMDA-dependent pelvic-urethra reflex potentiation via spinal GABAergic inhibition in anesthetized rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): F923 - F931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. W. Steenland, H. Liu, and R. L. Horner Endogenous Glutamatergic Control of Rhythmically Active Mammalian Respiratory Motoneurons In Vivo J. Neurosci., July 2, 2008; 28(27): 6826 - 6835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Carp, A. M. Tennissen, D. L. Mongeluzi, C. J. Dudek, X. Y. Chen, and J. R. Wolpaw An In Vitro Protocol for Recording From Spinal Motoneurons of Adult Rats J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2008; 100(1): 474 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.J. Heckman, M. Johnson, C. Mottram, and J. Schuster Persistent Inward Currents in Spinal Motoneurons and Their Influence on Human Motoneuron Firing Patterns Neuroscientist, June 1, 2008; 14(3): 264 - 275. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Burgess, D. Lai, J. Siegel, and J. Peever An Endogenous Glutamatergic Drive onto Somatic Motoneurons Contributes to the Stereotypical Pattern of Muscle Tone across the Sleep-Wake Cycle J. Neurosci., April 30, 2008; 28(18): 4649 - 4660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Hayes, J. L. Mendenhall, B. R. Brush, and C. A. Del Negro 4-Aminopyridine-sensitive outward currents in preBotzinger complex neurons influence respiratory rhythm generation in neonatal mice J. Physiol., April 1, 2008; 586(7): 1921 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Hyngstrom, M. Johnson, J. Schuster, and C. J. Heckman Movement-related receptive fields of spinal motoneurones with active dendrites J. Physiol., March 15, 2008; 586(6): 1581 - 1593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Hodges, G. J. Tattersall, M. B. Harris, S. D. McEvoy, D. N. Richerson, E. S. Deneris, R. L. Johnson, Z.-F. Chen, and G. B. Richerson Defects in Breathing and Thermoregulation in Mice with Near-Complete Absence of Central Serotonin Neurons J. Neurosci., March 5, 2008; 28(10): 2495 - 2505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Heckman, A. S. Hyngstrom, and M. D. Johnson Active properties of motoneurone dendrites: diffuse descending neuromodulation, focused local inhibition J. Physiol., March 1, 2008; 586(5): 1225 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Han, S. T. Nakanishi, M. A. Tran, and P. J. Whelan Dopaminergic Modulation of Spinal Neuronal Excitability J. Neurosci., November 28, 2007; 27(48): 13192 - 13204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Grande, T. V. Bui, and P. K. Rose Effect of localized innervation of the dendritic trees of feline motoneurons on the amplification of synaptic input: a computational study J. Physiol., September 1, 2007; 583(2): 611 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. V. Neverova, S. A. Saywell, L. J. Nashold, G. S. Mitchell, and J. L. Feldman Episodic Stimulation of {alpha}1-Adrenoreceptors Induces Protein Kinase C-Dependent Persistent Changes in Motoneuronal Excitability J. Neurosci., April 18, 2007; 27(16): 4435 - 4442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Burnstock Physiology and Pathophysiology of Purinergic Neurotransmission Physiol Rev, April 1, 2007; 87(2): 659 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. P. Cramer, Y. Li, and A. Keller The Whisking Rhythm Generator: A Novel Mammalian Network for the Generation of Movement J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2007; 97(3): 2148 - 2158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Saboisky, R. B. Gorman, A. De Troyer, S. C. Gandevia, and J. E. Butler Differential activation among five human inspiratory motoneuron pools during tidal breathing J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2007; 102(2): 772 - 780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Chan, H. W. Steenland, H. Liu, and R. L. Horner Endogenous Excitatory Drive Modulating Respiratory Muscle Activity across Sleep-Wake States Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 1, 2006; 174(11): 1264 - 1273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ogier, E. Tribollet, P. Suarez, and M. Raggenbass Identified motoneurons involved in sexual and eliminative functions in the rat are powerfully excited by vasopressin and tachykinins. J. Neurosci., October 18, 2006; 26(42): 10717 - 10726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Gardiner, Y. Dai, and C. J. Heckman Effects of exercise training on {alpha}-motoneurons J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2006; 101(4): 1228 - 1236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Harvey, X. Li, Y. Li, and D. J. Bennett 5-HT2 Receptor Activation Facilitates a Persistent Sodium Current and Repetitive Firing in Spinal Motoneurons of Rats With and Without Chronic Spinal Cord Injury J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2006; 96(3): 1158 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Apostolova, A. Irintchev, and M. Schachner Tenascin-R restricts posttraumatic remodeling of motoneuron innervation and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in adult mice. J. Neurosci., July 26, 2006; 26(30): 7849 - 7859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sood, E. Raddatz, X. Liu, H. Liu, and R. L. Horner Inhibition of serotonergic medullary raphe obscurus neurons suppresses genioglossus and diaphragm activities in anesthetized but not conscious rats J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2006; 100(6): 1807 - 1821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Sharifullina and A. Nistri Glutamate uptake block triggers deadly rhythmic bursting of neonatal rat hypoglossal motoneurons J. Physiol., April 15, 2006; 572(2): 407 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Fuglevand, A. P. Dutoit, R. K. Johns, and D. A. Keen Evaluation of plateau-potential-mediated 'warm up' in human motor units J. Physiol., March 15, 2006; 571(3): 683 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. A. Aoki, H. Liu, G. P. Downey, J. Mitchell, and R. L. Horner Cyclic Nucleotides Modulate Genioglossus and Hypoglossal Responses to Excitatory Inputs in Rats Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2006; 173(5): 555 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Greer, G. D. Funk, and K. Ballanyi Preparing for the first breath: prenatal maturation of respiratory neural control J. Physiol., February 1, 2006; 570(3): 437 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Chevallier, F. Nagy, and J.-M. Cabelguen Cholinergic control of excitability of spinal motoneurones in the salamander J. Physiol., February 1, 2006; 570(3): 525 - 540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. V. Bui, M. Ter-Mikaelian, D. Bedrossian, and P. K. Rose Computational Estimation of the Distribution of L-type Ca2+ Channels in Motoneurons Based on Variable Threshold of Activation of Persistent Inward Currents J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2006; 95(1): 225 - 241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E Hopwood and S. Trapp TASK-like K+ channels mediate effects of 5-HT and extracellular pH in rat dorsal vagal neurones in vitro J. Physiol., October 1, 2005; 568(1): 145 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.M. Meyers and E. Cafarelli Caffeine increases time to fatigue by maintaining force and not by altering firing rates during submaximal isometric contractions J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 1056 - 1063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Christie and P. J. Whelan Monoaminergic Establishment of Rostrocaudal Gradients of Rhythmicity in the Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2005; 94(2): 1554 - 1564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Parr-Brownlie and B. I. Hyland Bradykinesia Induced by Dopamine D2 Receptor Blockade Is Associated with Reduced Motor Cortex Activity in the Rat J. Neurosci., June 15, 2005; 25(24): 5700 - 5709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Chen, J. E. Sirois, Q. Lei, E. M. Talley, C. Lynch III, and D. A. Bayliss HCN Subunit-Specific and cAMP-Modulated Effects of Anesthetics on Neuronal Pacemaker Currents J. Neurosci., June 15, 2005; 25(24): 5803 - 5814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Liu, S. Sood, H. Liu, and R. L Horner Opposing muscarinic and nicotinic modulation of hypoglossal motor output to genioglossus muscle in rats in vivo J. Physiol., June 15, 2005; 565(3): 965 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. De Troyer, P. A. Kirkwood, and T. A. Wilson Respiratory Action of the Intercostal Muscles Physiol Rev, April 1, 2005; 85(2): 717 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Adachi, D. M. Robinson, G. B. Miles, and G. D. Funk Noradrenergic modulation of XII motoneuron inspiratory activity does not involve {alpha}2-receptor inhibition of the Ih current or presynaptic glutamate release J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1297 - 1308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Turner, E. A. Rabiner, A. Hammers, A. Al-Chalabi, P. M. Grasby, C. E. Shaw, D. J. Brooks, and P. N. Leigh [11C]-WAY100635 PET demonstrates marked 5-HT1A receptor changes in sporadic ALS Brain, April 1, 2005; 128(4): 896 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J Kuo, T Siddique, R Fu, and C. J Heckman Increased persistent Na+ current and its effect on excitability in motoneurones cultured from mutant SOD1 mice J. Physiol., March 15, 2005; 563(3): 843 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. Banks, R. Kanjhan, S. Wiese, M. Kneussel, L. M. Wong, G. O'Sullivan, M. Sendtner, M. C. Bellingham, H. Betz, and P. G. Noakes Glycinergic and GABAergic Synaptic Activity Differentially Regulate Motoneuron Survival and Skeletal Muscle Innervation J. Neurosci., February 2, 2005; 25(5): 1249 - 1259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Purvis and R. J. Butera Ionic Current Model of a Hypoglossal Motoneuron J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2005; 93(2): 723 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-F. Perrier and M. C. Tresch Recruitment of motor neuronal persistent inward currents shapes withdrawal reflexes in the frog J. Physiol., January 15, 2005; 562(2): 507 - 520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.-E. Andersson and A. J. Wein Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract: Basis for Current and Future Treatments of Urinary Incontinence Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2004; 56(4): 581 - 631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Lim, P. Hoang, and A. J. Berger Blockade of Glycine Transporter-1 (GLYT-1) Potentiates NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission in Hypoglossal Motorneurons J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2004; 92(4): 2530 - 2537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Maltenfort and T. M. Hamm Estimation of the Electrical Parameters of Spinal Motoneurons Using Impedance Measurements J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2004; 92(3): 1433 - 1444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Madriaga, L. C. McPhee, T. Chersa, K. J. Christie, and P. J. Whelan Modulation of Locomotor Activity by Multiple 5-HT and Dopaminergic Receptor Subtypes in the Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2004; 92(3): 1566 - 1576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Yamuy, S. J. Fung, M. Xi, and M. H. Chase Hypocretinergic Control of Spinal Cord Motoneurons J. Neurosci., June 9, 2004; 24(23): 5336 - 5345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q.-T. Nguyen, R. Wessel, and D. Kleinfeld Developmental regulation of active and passive membrane properties in rat vibrissa motoneurones J. Physiol., April 1, 2004; 556(1): 203 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Bocchiaro and J. L. Feldman From The Cover: Synaptic activity-independent persistent plasticity in endogenously active mammalian motoneurons PNAS, March 23, 2004; 101(12): 4292 - 4295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. L. Muennich and R. E. W. Fyffe Focal aggregation of voltage-gated, Kv2.1 subunit-containing, potassium channels at synaptic sites in rat spinal motoneurones J. Physiol., February 1, 2004; 554(3): 673 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Saywell and J. L. Feldman Dynamic interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs in hypoglossal motoneurones: respiratory phasing and modulation by PKA J. Physiol., February 1, 2004; 554(3): 879 - 889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Kuo, M. Schonewille, T. Siddique, A. N. A. Schults, R. Fu, P. R. Bar, R. Anelli, C. J. Heckman, and A. B. A. Kroese Hyperexcitability of Cultured Spinal Motoneurons From Presymptomatic ALS Mice J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2004; 91(1): 571 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J Whelan Developmental aspects of spinal locomotor function: insights from using the in vitro mouse spinal cord preparation J. Physiol., December 15, 2003; 553(3): 695 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Prut and S. I. Perlmutter Firing Properties of Spinal Interneurons during Voluntary Movement. I. State-Dependent Regularity of Firing J. Neurosci., October 22, 2003; 23(29): 9600 - 9610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Westad, R H Westgaard, and C J De Luca Motor unit recruitment and derecruitment induced by brief increase in contraction amplitude of the human trapezius muscle J. Physiol., October 15, 2003; 552(2): 645 - 656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Parkis, J. L. Feldman, D. M. Robinson, and G. D. Funk Oscillations in Endogenous Inputs to Neurons Affect Excitability and Signal Processing J. Neurosci., September 3, 2003; 23(22): 8152 - 8158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Bayliss, J. E. Sirois, and E. M. Talley The TASK Family: Two-Pore Domain Background K+ Channels Mol. Interv., June 1, 2003; 3(4): 205 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Russier, E. Carlier, N. Ankri, L. Fronzaroli, and D. Debanne A-, T-, and H-type Currents Shape Intrinsic Firing of Developing Rat Abducens Motoneurons J. Physiol., May 15, 2003; 549(1): 21 - 36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-F. Perrier, A. Alaburda, and J. Hounsgaard 5-HT1A receptors increase excitability of spinal motoneurons by inhibiting a TASK-1-like K+ current in the adult turtle J. Physiol., April 15, 2003; 548(2): 485 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. I. E. Oddsson and C. J. De Luca Activation imbalances in lumbar spine muscles in the presence of chronic low back pain J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2003; 94(4): 1410 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ladewig, P. Kloppenburg, P. M Lalley, W. R Zipfel, W. W Webb, and B. U Keller Spatial profiles of store-dependent calcium release in motoneurones of the nucleus hypoglossus from newborn mouse J. Physiol., March 15, 2003; 547(3): 775 - 787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Bocchiaro, S. A. Saywell, and J. L. Feldman Dynamic Modulation of Inspiratory Drive Currents by Protein Kinase A and Protein Phosphatases in Functionally Active Motoneurons J. Neurosci., February 15, 2003; 23(4): 1099 - 1103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-F. Perrier and J. Hounsgaard 5-HT2 Receptors Promote Plateau Potentials in Turtle Spinal Motoneurons by Facilitating an L-Type Calcium Current J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2003; 89(2): 954 - 959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Hanson and L. T. Landmesser Characterization of the Circuits That Generate Spontaneous Episodes of Activity in the Early Embryonic Mouse Spinal Cord J. Neurosci., January 15, 2003; 23(2): 587 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Mitchell and S. M. Johnson Plasticity in Respiratory Motor Control: Invited Review: Neuroplasticity in respiratory motor control J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 358 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Walton, J. M Kalmar, and E Cafarelli Effect of caffeine on self-sustained firing in human motor units J. Physiol., December 1, 2002; 545(2): 671 - 679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-C. Perreault Motoneurons Have Different Membrane Resistance during Fictive Scratching and Weight Support J. Neurosci., September 15, 2002; 22(18): 8259 - 8265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Kinkead, O. Belzile, and R. Gulemetova Serotonergic modulation of respiratory motor output during tadpole development J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2002; 93(3): 936 - 946. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Kendig In vitro networks: subcortical mechanisms of anaesthetic action Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2002; 89(1): 91 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E Sirois, C. Lynch III, and D. A Bayliss Convergent and reciprocal modulation of a leak K+ current and Ih by an inhalational anaesthetic and neurotransmitters in rat brainstem motoneurones J. Physiol., June 15, 2002; 541(3): 717 - 729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Morin and D. Viala Coordinations of Locomotor and Respiratory Rhythms In Vitro Are Critically Dependent on Hindlimb Sensory Inputs J. Neurosci., June 1, 2002; 22(11): 4756 - 4765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. P. Washburn, J. E. Sirois, E. M. Talley, P. G. Guyenet, and D. A. Bayliss Serotonergic Raphe Neurons Express TASK Channel Transcripts and a TASK-Like pH- and Halothane-Sensitive K+ Conductance J. Neurosci., February 15, 2002; 22(4): 1256 - 1265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Mattei and A. Schmied Delayed and prolonged effects of a near threshold EPSP on the firing time of human {alpha}-motoneurones J. Physiol., February 1, 2002; 538(3): 849 - 865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M Robinson, K. C Peebles, H. Kwok, B. M Adams, L.-L. Clarke, G. A Woollard, and G. D Funk Prenatal nicotine exposure increases apnoea and reduces nicotinic potentiation of hypoglossal inspiratory output in mice J. Physiol., February 1, 2002; 538(3): 957 - 973. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Marchetti and A. Nistri Neuronal Bursting Induced by NK3 Receptor Activation in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord In Vitro J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2001; 86(6): 2939 - 2950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Bennett, Y. Li, and M. Siu Plateau Potentials in Sacrocaudal Motoneurons of Chronic Spinal Rats, Recorded In Vitro J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2001; 86(4): 1955 - 1971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Gandevia Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue Physiol Rev, October 1, 2001; 81(4): 1725 - 1789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Burnet, M. Bevengut, F. Chakri, C. Bou-Flores, P. Coulon, S. Gaytan, R. Pasaro, and G. Hilaire Altered Respiratory Activity and Respiratory Regulations in Adult Monoamine Oxidase A-Deficient Mice J. Neurosci., July 15, 2001; 21(14): 5212 - 5221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Yasuda, D. M Robinson, S. R Selvaratnam, C. W Walsh, A. J C McMorland, and G. D Funk Modulation of hypoglossal motoneuron excitability by NK1 receptor activation in neonatal mice in vitro J. Physiol., July 15, 2001; 534(2): 447 - 464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Kjaerulff and O. Kiehn 5-HT Modulation of Multiple Inward Rectifiers in Motoneurons in Intact Preparations of the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2001; 85(2): 580 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sawczuk and K.M. Mosier Neural Control of Tongue Movement With Respect To Respiration and Swallowing Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, January 1, 2001; 12(1): 18 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Donato and A. Nistri Relative Contribution by GABA or Glycine to Cl--Mediated Synaptic Transmission on Rat Hypoglossal Motoneurons In Vitro J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2000; 84(6): 2715 - 2724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Nunez-Abades, J. M. Pattillo, T. M. Hodgson, and W. E. Cameron Role of Synaptic Inputs in Determining Input Resistance of Developing Brain Stem Motoneurons J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2000; 84(5): 2317 - 2329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. Miles, M. A. Parkis, J. Lipski, and G. D. Funk Modulation of phrenic motoneuron excitability by ATP: consequences for respiratory-related output in vitro J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2002; 92(5): 1899 - 1910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
