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Physiol. Rev. 80: 717-766, 2000;
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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 80, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 717-766
Copyright ©2000 by the American Physiological Society

Neurotoxins Affecting Neuroexocytosis

Giampietro Schiavo, Michela Matteoli, and Cesare Montecucco

Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom; Centro Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerca di Farmacologia Molecolare e Cellulare e Centro "B. Ceccarelli," Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Università di Milano, Milan; and Centro Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerca Biomembrane and Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Padova, Padua, Italy

Schiavo, Giampietro, Michela Matteoli, and Cesare Montecucco. Neurotoxins Affecting Neuroexocytosis. Physiol. Rev. 80: 717-766, 2000.Nerve terminals are specific sites of action of a very large number of toxins produced by many different organisms. The mechanism of action of three groups of presynaptic neurotoxins that interfere directly with the process of neurotransmitter release is reviewed, whereas presynaptic neurotoxins acting on ion channels are not dealt with here. These neurotoxins can be grouped in three large families: 1) the clostridial neurotoxins that act inside nerves and block neurotransmitter release via their metalloproteolytic activity directed specifically on SNARE proteins; 2) the snake presynaptic neurotoxins with phospholipase A2 activity, whose site of action is still undefined and which induce the release of acethylcholine followed by impairment of synaptic functions; and 3) the excitatory latrotoxin-like neurotoxins that induce a massive release of neurotransmitter at peripheral and central synapses. Their modes of binding, sites of action, and biochemical activities are discussed in relation to the symptoms of the diseases they cause. The use of these toxins in cell biology and neuroscience is considered as well as the therapeutic utilization of the botulinum neurotoxins in human diseases characterized by hyperfunction of cholinergic terminals.




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 J. Neurosci.Home page
J. H. Martin, M. Choy, S. Pullman, and Z. Meng
Corticospinal System Development Depends on Motor Experience
J. Neurosci., March 3, 2004; 24(9): 2122 - 2132.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
E. Fernandez-Salas, L. E. Steward, H. Ho, P. E. Garay, S. W. Sun, M. A. Gilmore, J. V. Ordas, J. Wang, J. Francis, and K. R. Aoki
Plasma membrane localization signals in the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin
PNAS, March 2, 2004; 101(9): 3208 - 3213.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
L. L. Simpson, A. B. Maksymowych, J.-B. Park, and R. S. Bora
The Role of the Interchain Disulfide Bond in Governing the Pharmacological Actions of Botulinum Toxin
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2004; 308(3): 857 - 864.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. G. Mozhayeva, M. F. Matos, X. Liu, and E. T. Kavalali
Minimum Essential Factors Required for Vesicle Mobilization at Hippocampal Synapses
J. Neurosci., February 18, 2004; 24(7): 1680 - 1688.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Interv.Home page
S. M. Ferguson and R. D. Blakely
The Choline Transporter Resurfaces: New Roles for Synaptic Vesicles?
Mol. Interv., February 1, 2004; 4(1): 22 - 37.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. Rickman, F. A. Meunier, T. Binz, and B. Davletov
High Affinity Interaction of Syntaxin and SNAP-25 on the Plasma Membrane Is Abolished by Botulinum Toxin E
J. Biol. Chem., January 2, 2004; 279(1): 644 - 651.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Cell Sci.Home page
G. Lalli, S. Gschmeissner, and G. Schiavo
Myosin Va and microtubule-based motors are required for fast axonal retrograde transport of tetanus toxin in motor neurons
J. Cell Sci., November 15, 2003; 116(22): 4639 - 4650.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JCBHome page
M. Dong, D. A. Richards, M. C. Goodnough, W. H. Tepp, E. A. Johnson, and E. R. Chapman
Synaptotagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells
J. Cell Biol., September 29, 2003; 162(7): 1293 - 1303.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BloodHome page
T. D. Schraw, T. W. Rutledge, G. L. Crawford, A. M. Bernstein, A. L. Kalen, J. E. Pessin, and S. W. Whiteheart
Granule stores from cellubrevin/VAMP-3 null mouse platelets exhibit normal stimulus-induced release
Blood, September 1, 2003; 102(5): 1716 - 1722.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Yamamoto, N. Wada, Y. Kitabatake, D. Watanabe, M. Anzai, M. Yokoyama, Y. Teranishi, and S. Nakanishi
Reversible Suppression of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission of Cerebellar Granule Cells In Vivo by Genetically Manipulated Expression of Tetanus Neurotoxin Light Chain
J. Neurosci., July 30, 2003; 23(17): 6759 - 6767.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. A. Szule, S. E. Jarvis, J. E. Hibbert, J. D. Spafford, J. E. A. Braun, G. W. Zamponi, G. M. Wessel, and J. R. Coorssen
Calcium-triggered Membrane Fusion Proceeds Independently of Specific Presynaptic Proteins
J. Biol. Chem., June 27, 2003; 278(27): 24251 - 24254.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
U. Sung, S. Apparsundaram, A. Galli, K. M. Kahlig, V. Savchenko, S. Schroeter, M. W. Quick, and R. D. Blakely
A Regulated Interaction of Syntaxin 1A with the Antidepressant-Sensitive Norepinephrine Transporter Establishes Catecholamine Clearance Capacity
J. Neurosci., March 1, 2003; 23(5): 1697 - 1709.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. G. Foran, N. Mohammed, G. O. Lisk, S. Nagwaney, G. W. Lawrence, E. Johnson, L. Smith, K. R. Aoki, and J. O. Dolly
Evaluation of the Therapeutic Usefulness of Botulinum Neurotoxin B, C1, E, and F Compared with the Long Lasting Type A. BASIS FOR DISTINCT DURATIONS OF INHIBITION OF EXOCYTOSIS IN CENTRAL NEURONS
J. Biol. Chem., January 3, 2003; 278(2): 1363 - 1371.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
J. J. Schmidt and R. G. Stafford
Fluorigenic Substrates for the Protease Activities of Botulinum Neurotoxins, Serotypes A, B, and F
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., January 1, 2003; 69(1): 297 - 303.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
P. Fach, S. Perelle, F. Dilasser, J. Grout, C. Dargaignaratz, L. Botella, J.-M. Gourreau, F. Carlin, M. R. Popoff, and V. Broussolle
Detection by PCR-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay of Clostridium botulinum in Fish and Environmental Samples from a Coastal Area in Northern France
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2002; 68(12): 5870 - 5876.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Hu, J. Carroll, C. Rickman, and B. Davletov
Action of Complexin on SNARE Complex
J. Biol. Chem., October 25, 2002; 277(44): 41652 - 41656.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
G. Ouanounou, M. Malo, J. Stinnakre, A. S. Kreger, and J. Molgo
Trachynilysin, a Neurosecretory Protein Isolated from Stonefish (Synanceia trachynis) Venom, Forms Nonselective Pores in the Membrane of NG108-15 Cells
J. Biol. Chem., October 11, 2002; 277(42): 39119 - 39127.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 GeneticsHome page
I. Vilinsky, B. A. Stewart, J. Drummond, I. Robinson, and D. L. Deitcher
A Drosophila SNAP-25 Null Mutant Reveals Context-Dependent Redundancy With SNAP-24 in Neurotransmission
Genetics, September 1, 2002; 162(1): 259 - 271.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
B. C. Yowler, R. D. Kensinger, and C.-L. Schengrund
Botulinum Neurotoxin A Activity Is Dependent upon the Presence of Specific Gangliosides in Neuroblastoma Cells Expressing Synaptotagmin I
J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 2002; 277(36): 32815 - 32819.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
R. W. M. Bullens, G. M. O'Hanlon, E. Wagner, P. C. Molenaar, K. Furukawa, K. Furukawa, J. J. Plomp, and H. J. Willison
Complex Gangliosides at the Neuromuscular Junction Are Membrane Receptors for Autoantibodies and Botulinum Neurotoxin But Redundant for Normal Synaptic Function
J. Neurosci., August 15, 2002; 22(16): 6876 - 6884.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
M. Pennuto, D. Dunlap, A. Contestabile, F. Benfenati, and F. Valtorta
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Detection of Synaptophysin I and Vesicle-associated Membrane Protein 2 Interactions during Exocytosis from Single Live Synapses
Mol. Biol. Cell, August 1, 2002; 13(8): 2706 - 2717.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Cell Sci.Home page
G. Halet, R. Tunwell, T. Balla, K. Swann, and J. Carroll
The dynamics of plasma membrane PtdIns(4,5)P2 at fertilization of mouse eggs
J. Cell Sci., May 15, 2002; 115(10): 2139 - 2149.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
M. Mock and B. P. Roques
Progress in rapid screening of Bacillus anthracis lethal factor activity
PNAS, May 14, 2002; 99(10): 6527 - 6529.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. F. A. Finley, S. M. Patel, D. V. Madison, and R. H. Scheller
The Core Membrane Fusion Complex Governs the Probability of Synaptic Vesicle Fusion But Not Transmitter Release Kinetics
J. Neurosci., February 15, 2002; 22(4): 1266 - 1272.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
X. Wang, R. Butowt, M. R. Vasko, and C. S. von Bartheld
Mechanisms of the Release of Anterogradely Transported Neurotrophin-3 from Axon Terminals
J. Neurosci., February 1, 2002; 22(3): 931 - 945.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Cell Sci.Home page
G. W. Lawrence and J. O. Dolly
Ca2+-induced changes in SNAREs and synaptotagmin I correlate with triggered exocytosis from chromaffin cells: insights gleaned into the signal transduction using trypsin and botulinum toxins
J. Cell Sci., January 7, 2002; 115(13): 2791 - 2800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Cell Sci.Home page
G. W. Lawrence and J. O. Dolly
Multiple forms of SNARE complexes in exocytosis from chromaffin cells: effects of Ca2+, MgATP and botulinum toxin type A
J. Cell Sci., January 2, 2002; 115(3): 667 - 673.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
C. D. Holmgren and Y. Zilberter
Coincident Spiking Activity Induces Long-Term Changes in Inhibition of Neocortical Pyramidal Cells
J. Neurosci., October 15, 2001; 21(20): 8270 - 8277.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Biol. CellHome page
J. Herreros, T. Ng, and G. Schiavo
Lipid Rafts Act as Specialized Domains for Tetanus Toxin Binding and Internalization into Neurons
Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2001; 12(10): 2947 - 2960.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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