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Physiol. Rev. 79: 263-323, 1999;
0031-9333/99 $15.00
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Physiological Reviews, Vol. 79, No. 2, April 1999, pp. 263-323
Copyright ©1999 by the American Physiological Society

Luteolysis: A Neuroendocrine-Mediated Event

John A. McCracken, Edward E. Custer, and Justin C. Lamsa

Worcester Foundation for Biomedical Research, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts

McCracken, John A., Edward E. Custer, and Justin C. Lamsa. In many nonprimate mammalian species, cyclical regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis) is caused by the episodic pulsatile secretion of uterine PGF2alpha , which acts either locally on the corpus luteum by a countercurrent mechanism or, in some species, via the systemic circulation. Hysterectomy in these nonprimate species causes maintenance of the corpora lutea, whereas in primates, removal of the uterus does not influence the cyclical regression of the corpus luteum. In several nonprimate species, the episodic pattern of uterine PGF2alpha secretion appears to be controlled indirectly by the ovarian steroid hormones estradiol-17beta and progesterone. It is proposed that, toward the end of the luteal phase, loss of progesterone action occurs both centrally in the hypothalamus and in the uterus due to the catalytic reduction (downregulation) of progesterone receptors by progesterone. Loss of progesterone action may permit the return of estrogen action, both centrally in the hypothalamus and peripherally in the uterus. Return of central estrogen action appears to cause the hypothalamic oxytocin pulse generator to alter its frequency and produce a series of intermittent episodes of oxytocin secretion. In the uterus, returning estrogen action concomitantly upregulates endometrial oxytocin receptors. The interaction of neurohypophysial oxytocin with oxytocin receptors in the endometrium evokes the secretion of luteolytic pulses of uterine PGF2alpha . Thus the uterus can be regarded as a transducer that converts intermittent neural signals from the hypothalamus, in the form of episodic oxytocin secretion, into luteolytic pulses of uterine PGF2alpha . In ruminants, portions of a finite store of luteal oxytocin are released synchronously by uterine PGF2alpha pulses. Luteal oxytocin in ruminants may thus serve to amplify neural oxytocin signals that are transduced by the uterus into pulses of PGF2alpha . Whether such amplification of episodic PGF2alpha pulses by luteal oxytocin is a necessary requirement for luteolysis in ruminants remains to be determined. Recently, oxytocin has been reported to be produced by the endometrium and myometrium of the sow, mare, and rat. It is possible that uterine production of oxytocin may act as a supplemental source of oxytocin during luteolysis in these species. In primates, oxytocin and its receptor and PGF2alpha and its receptor have been identified in the corpus luteum and/or ovary. Therefore, it is possible that oxytocin signals of ovarian and/or neural origin may be transduced locally at the ovarian level, thus explaining why luteolysis and ovarian cyclicity can proceed in the absence of the uterus in primates. However, it remains to be established whether the intraovarian process of luteolysis is mediated by arachidonic acid and/or its metabolite PGF2alpha and whether the central oxytocin pulse generator identified in nonprimate species plays a mediatory role during luteolysis in primates. Regardless of the mechanism, intraovarian luteolysis in primates (progesterone withdrawal) appears to be the primary stimulus for the subsequent production of endometrial prostaglandins associated with menstruation. In contrast, luteolysis in nonprimate species appears to depend on the prior production of endometrial prostaglandins. In primates, uterine prostaglandin production may reflect a vestigial mechanism that has been retained during evolution from an earlier dependence on uterine prostaglandin production for luteolysis.




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An Aldose Reductase with 20alpha -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity Is Most Likely the Enzyme Responsible for the Production of Prostaglandin F2alpha in the Bovine Endometrium
J. Biol. Chem., March 21, 2003; 278(13): 11205 - 11212.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
J. L. Cook, M. C. Shallow, D. B. Zaragoza, K. I. Anderson, and D. M. Olson
Mouse Placental Prostaglandins Are Associated with Uterine Activation and the Timing of Birth
Biol Reprod, February 1, 2003; 68(2): 579 - 587.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
J. K. Pru, I. R. Hendry, J. S. Davis, and B. R. Rueda
Soluble Fas Ligand Activates the Sphingomyelin Pathway and Induces Apoptosis in Luteal Steroidogenic Cells Independently of Stress-Activated p38MAPK
Endocrinology, November 1, 2002; 143(11): 4350 - 4357.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
K. Nagaosa, A. Shiratsuchi, and Y. Nakanishi
Determination of Cell Type Specificity and Estrous Cycle Dependency of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression in Corpora Lutea of Normally Cycling Rats in Relation to Apoptosis and Monocyte/Macrophage Accumulation
Biol Reprod, November 1, 2002; 67(5): 1502 - 1508.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
V. A. Cavicchio, J. K. Pru, B. S. Davis, J. S. Davis, B. R. Rueda, and D. H. Townson
Secretion of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 by Endothelial Cells of the Bovine Corpus Luteum: Regulation by Cytokines But Not Prostaglandin F2{alpha}
Endocrinology, September 1, 2002; 143(9): 3582 - 3589.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
V. K. Yadav, R. R. Sudhagar, and R. Medhamurthy
Apoptosis During Spontaneous and Prostaglandin F2{alpha}-Induced Luteal Regression in the Buffalo Cow (Bubalus bubalis): Involvementof Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Biol Reprod, September 1, 2002; 67(3): 752 - 759.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
J. A. Arosh, J. Parent, P. Chapdelaine, J. Sirois, and M. A. Fortier
Expression of Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 and Prostaglandin E Synthase in Bovine Endometrial Tissue During the Estrous Cycle
Biol Reprod, July 1, 2002; 67(1): 161 - 169.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
J. A. Copland, M. G. Zlatnik, K. L. Ives, and M. S. Soloff
Oxytocin Receptor Regulation and Action in a Human Granulosa-Lutein Cell Line
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2002; 66(5): 1230 - 1236.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
Y.-L. Wu and M. C. Wiltbank
Transcriptional Regulation of the Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Changes from Protein Kinase (PK) A- to PKC-Dependence after Luteinization of Granulosa Cells
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2002; 66(5): 1505 - 1514.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
T. A. Towle, P. C.W. Tsang, R. A. Milvae, M. K. Newbury, and J. A. McCracken
Dynamic In Vivo Changes in Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases 1 and 2, and Matrix Metalloproteinases 2 and 9, During Prostaglandin F2{alpha}-Induced Luteolysis in Sheep
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2002; 66(5): 1515 - 1521.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. O. Stocco, L. F. Lau, and G. Gibori
A Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Activation of ERK1/2 Mediates JunD Phosphorylation and Induction of nur77 and 20alpha -hsd Genes by Prostaglandin F2alpha in Ovarian Cells
J. Biol. Chem., January 25, 2002; 277(5): 3293 - 3302.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
A. Zetser, T. Kisliouk, E. Ivakin, and M. Lahav
Dependence on Prolactin of the Luteolytic Effect of Prostaglandin F2{alpha} in Rat Luteal Cell Cultures
Biol Reprod, October 1, 2001; 65(4): 1082 - 1091.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
J. Hu, T. E. Ludwig, U. Salli, F. Stormshak, and M. A. Mirando
Autocrine/Paracrine Action of Oxytocin in Pig Endometrium
Biol Reprod, June 1, 2001; 64(6): 1682 - 1688.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Physiol. Rev.Home page
G. Gimpl and F. Fahrenholz
The Oxytocin Receptor System: Structure, Function, and Regulation
Physiol Rev, April 1, 2001; 81(2): 629 - 683.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
L. E. Anderson, Y.-L. Wu, S.-J. Tsai, and M. C. Wiltbank
Prostaglandin F2{{alpha}} Receptor in the Corpus Luteum: Recent Information on the Gene, Messenger Ribonucleic Acid, and Protein
Biol Reprod, April 1, 2001; 64(4): 1041 - 1047.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
K. K. Olson, L. E. Anderson, M. C. Wiltbank, and D. H. Townson
Actions of Prostaglandin F2{{alpha}} and Prolactin on Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression and Monocyte/Macrophage Accumulation in the Rat Corpus Luteum
Biol Reprod, March 1, 2001; 64(3): 890 - 897.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
T. Engstrøm, P. Bratholm, N. J. Christensen, and H. Vilhardt
Effect of Oxytocin Receptor Blockade on Rat Myometrial Responsiveness to Prostaglandin F2{alpha}
Biol Reprod, November 1, 2000; 63(5): 1443 - 1449.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
D. J. Skarzynski, S. Kobayashi, and K. Okuda
Influence of Nitric Oxide and Noradrenaline on Prostaglandin F2{alpha}-Induced Oxytocin Secretion and Intracellular Calcium Mobilization in Cultured Bovine Luteal Cells
Biol Reprod, October 1, 2000; 63(4): 1000 - 1005.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Biol. Reprod.Home page
Y. Miyamoto, D. J. Skarzynski, and K. Okuda
Is Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} a Trigger for the Initiation of Endometrial Prostaglandin F2{alpha} Release at Luteolysis in Cattle?
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2000; 62(5): 1109 - 1115.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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EndocrinologyHome page
H. M. Fraser, S. E. Dickson, S. F. Lunn, C. Wulff, K. D. Morris, V. A. Carroll, and R. Bicknell
Suppression of Luteal Angiogenesis in the Primate after Neutralization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
Endocrinology, March 1, 2000; 141(3): 995 - 1000.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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