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PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS Vol. 78 No. 4 October 1998,
pp. 1193-1231
Copyright ©1998 The American Physiological Society
Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
Jones, Glenville, Stephen A. Strugnell, and Hector F. DeLuca. Current Understanding of the Molecular Actions of Vitamin D. Physiol. Rev. 78: 1193-1231, 1998.
The important reactions that occur to the vitamin D molecule and the important reactions involved in the expression of the final active form of vitamin D are reviewed in a critical manner. After an overview of the metabolism of vitamin D to its active form and to its metabolic degradation products, the molecular understanding of the 1
-hydroxylation reaction and the 24-hydroxylation reaction of the vitamin D hormone is presented. Furthermore, the role of vitamin D in maintenance of serum calcium is reviewed at the physiological level and at the molecular level whenever possible. Of particular importance is the regulation of the parathyroid gland by the vitamin D hormone. A third section describes the known molecular events involved in the action of 1
,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on its target cells. This includes reviewing what is now known concerning the overall mechanism of transcriptional regulation by vitamin D. It describes the vitamin D receptors that have been cloned and identified and describes the coactivators and retinoid X receptors required for the function of vitamin D in its genomic actions. The presence of receptor in previously uncharted target organs of vitamin D action has led to a study of the possible function of vitamin D in these organs. A good example of a new function described for 1
,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is that found in the parathyroid gland. This is also true for the role of vitamin D hormone in skin, the immune system, a possible role in the pancreas, i.e., in the islet cells, and a possible role in female reproduction. This review also raises the intriguing question of whether vitamin D plays an important role in embryonic development, since vitamin D deficiency does not prohibit development, nor does vitamin D receptor knockout. The final section reviews some interesting analogs of the vitamin D hormone and their possible uses. The review ends with possible ideas with regard to future directions of vitamin D drug design.
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X. Dong, T. Craig, N. Xing, L. A. Bachman, C. V. Paya, F. Weih, D. J. McKean, R. Kumar, and M. D. Griffin Direct Transcriptional Regulation of RelB by 1{alpha},25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its Analogs: PHYSIOLOGIC AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS FOR DENDRITIC CELL FUNCTION J. Biol. Chem., December 5, 2003; 278(49): 49378 - 49385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. Yokomura, T. Suda, S. Sasaki, N. Inui, K. Chida, and H. Nakamura Increased Expression of the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1{alpha}-Hydroxylase Gene in Alveolar Macrophages of Patients with Lung Cancer J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5704 - 5709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Tsujikawa, Y. Kurotaki, T. Fujimori, K. Fukuda, and Y.-I. Nabeshima Klotho, a Gene Related to a Syndrome Resembling Human Premature Aging, Functions in a Negative Regulatory Circuit of Vitamin D Endocrine System Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2003; 17(12): 2393 - 2403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. W. Good, T. George, and B. A. Watts III Aldosterone potentiates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 action in renal thick ascending limb via a nongenomic, ERK-dependent pathway Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): C1122 - C1130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J.-C. Hsieh, J. M. Sisk, P. W. Jurutka, C. A. Haussler, S. A. Slater, M. R. Haussler, and C. C. Thompson Physical and Functional Interaction between the Vitamin D Receptor and Hairless Corepressor, Two Proteins Required for Hair Cycling J. Biol. Chem., October 3, 2003; 278(40): 38665 - 38674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. B. Cheng, D. L. Motola, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and D. W. Russell De-orphanization of Cytochrome P450 2R1: A MICROSOMAL VITAMIN D 25-HYDROXYLASE J. Biol. Chem., September 26, 2003; 278(39): 38084 - 38093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Yamamoto, N. K. Shevde, A. Warrier, L. A. Plum, H. F. DeLuca, and J. W. Pike 2-Methylene-19-nor-(20S)-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Potently Stimulates Gene-specific DNA Binding of the Vitamin D Receptor in Osteoblasts J. Biol. Chem., August 22, 2003; 278(34): 31756 - 31765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. Kumagai, J. O'Kelly, J. W. Said, and H. P. Koeffler Vitamin D2 Analog 19-nor-1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D2: Antitumor Activity Against Leukemia, Myeloma, and Colon Cancer Cells J Natl Cancer Inst, June 18, 2003; 95(12): 896 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Hewison, L. Freeman, S. V. Hughes, K. N. Evans, R. Bland, A. G. Eliopoulos, M. D. Kilby, P. A. H. Moss, and R. Chakraverty Differential Regulation of Vitamin D Receptor and Its Ligand in Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., June 1, 2003; 170(11): 5382 - 5390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. L. M. Sutton and P. N. MacDonald Vitamin D: More Than a "Bone-a-Fide" Hormone Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2003; 17(5): 777 - 791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. J. Armbrecht, M. A. Boltz, and T. L. Hodam PTH increases renal 25(OH)D3-1alpha -hydroxylase (CYP1alpha ) mRNA but not renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production in adult rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): F1032 - F1036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. A. Upton, J. C. Knutson, C. W. Bishop, and L. W. LeVan Pharmacokinetics of doxercalciferol, a new vitamin D analogue that lowers parathyroid hormone Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2003; 18(4): 750 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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X.-Y. Bai, D. Miao, D. Goltzman, and A. C. Karaplis The Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphatemic Rickets R176Q Mutation in Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Resists Proteolytic Cleavage and Enhances in Vivo Biological Potency J. Biol. Chem., March 7, 2003; 278(11): 9843 - 9849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. Lin, T. T. Wang, W. H. Miller Jr., and J. H. White Inhibition of F-Box Protein p45SKP2 Expression and Stabilization of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27KIP1 in Vitamin D Analog-Treated Cancer Cells Endocrinology, March 1, 2003; 144(3): 749 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. Larsson, I. Nemere, L. Aksnes, and K. Sundell Environmental Salinity Regulates Receptor Expression, Cellular Effects, and Circulating Levels of Two Antagonizing Hormones, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, in Rainbow Trout Endocrinology, February 1, 2003; 144(2): 559 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Hirata, K. Makibayashi, K. Katsumata, K. Kusano, T. Watanabe, N. Fukushima, and T. Doi 22-Oxacalcitriol prevents progressive glomerulosclerosis without adversely affecting calcium and phosphorus metabolism in subtotally nephrectomized rats Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 2002; 17(12): 2132 - 2137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. Brigelius-Flohe, F. J Kelly, J. T Salonen, J. Neuzil, J.-M. Zingg, and A. Azzi The European perspective on vitamin E: current knowledge and future research Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2002; 76(4): 703 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. F. Raposo, L. G. Sobrinho, and H. G. Ferreira A Minimal Mathematical Model of Calcium Homeostasis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2002; 87(9): 4330 - 4340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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P. P. Dwivedi, C. S. T. Hii, A. Ferrante, J. Tan, C. J. Der, J. L. Omdahl, H. A. Morris, and B. K. May Role of MAP Kinases in the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced Transactivation of the Rat Cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24) Promoter. SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR ERK1/ERK2 AND ERK5 J. Biol. Chem., August 9, 2002; 277(33): 29643 - 29653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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B. R. Wiegand, J. C. Sparks, D. C. Beitz, F. C. Parrish Jr., R. L. Horst, A. H. Trenkle, and R. C. Ewan Short-term feeding of vitamin D3 improves color but does not change tenderness of pork-loin chops J Anim Sci, August 1, 2002; 80(8): 2116 - 2121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. E. Johnson and H. F. DeLuca Reproductive Defects Are Corrected in Vitamin D-Deficient Female Rats Fed a High Calcium, Phosphorus and Lactose Diet J. Nutr., August 1, 2002; 132(8): 2270 - 2273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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X. Qi, R. Pramanik, J. Wang, R. M. Schultz, R. K. Maitra, J. Han, H. F. DeLuca, and G. Chen The p38 and JNK Pathways Cooperate to trans-Activate Vitamin D Receptor via c-Jun/AP-1 and Sensitize Human Breast Cancer Cells to Vitamin D3-induced Growth Inhibition J. Biol. Chem., July 12, 2002; 277(29): 25884 - 25892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. C. Rebsamen, J. Sun, A. W. Norman, and J. K. Liao 1{alpha},25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Induces Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration via Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Circ. Res., July 12, 2002; 91(1): 17 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. V. Chithalen, L. Luu, M. Petkovich, and G. Jones HPLC-MS/MS analysis of the products generated from all-trans-retinoic acid using recombinant human CYP26A J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2002; 43(7): 1133 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. G. Erben, D. W. Soegiarto, K. Weber, U. Zeitz, M. Lieberherr, R. Gniadecki, G. Moller, J. Adamski, and R. Balling Deletion of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Binding Domain of the Vitamin D Receptor Abrogates Genomic and Nongenomic Functions of Vitamin D Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2002; 16(7): 1524 - 1537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. Zehnder, K. N. Evans, M. D. Kilby, J. N. Bulmer, B. A. Innes, P. M. Stewart, and M. Hewison The Ontogeny of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1{alpha}-Hydroxylase Expression in Human Placenta and Decidua Am. J. Pathol., July 1, 2002; 161(1): 105 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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U. Segersten, P. Correa, M. Hewison, P. Hellman, H. Dralle, T. Carling, G. Akerstrom, and G. Westin 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1{alpha}-Hydroxylase Expression in Normal and Pathological Parathyroid Glands J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2967 - 2972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. Lin, Y. Nagai, R. Sladek, Y. Bastien, J. Ho, K. Petrecca, G. Sotiropoulou, E. P. Diamandis, T. J. Hudson, and J. H. White Expression Profiling in Squamous Carcinoma Cells Reveals Pleiotropic Effects of Vitamin D3 Analog EB1089 Signaling on Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Immune System Regulation Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2002; 16(6): 1243 - 1256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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