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PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS Vol. 78 No. 2 April 1998,
pp. 429-466
Copyright ©1998 The American Physiological Society
Physiologisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; and Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
Schild, Detlev, and Diego Restrepo. Transduction Mechanisms in Vertebrate Olfactory Receptor Cells. Physiol. Rev. 78: 429-466, 1998. 
Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of transduction mechanisms in olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) over the last decade. Odorants pass through a mucus interface before binding to odorant receptors (ORs). The molecular structure of many ORs is now known. They belong to the large class of G protein-coupled receptors with seven transmembrane domains. Binding of an odorant to an OR triggers the activation of second messenger cascades. One second messenger pathway in particular has been extensively studied; the receptor activates, via the G protein Golf , an adenylyl cyclase, resulting in an increase in adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), which elicits opening of cation channels directly gated by cAMP. Under physiological conditions, Ca2+ has the highest permeability through this channel, and the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration activates a Cl
current which, owing to an elevated reversal potential for Cl, depolarizes the olfactory neuron. The receptor potential finally leads to the generation of action potentials conveying the chemosensory information to the olfactory bulb. Although much less studied, other transduction pathways appear to exist, some of which seem to involve the odorant-induced formation of inositol polyphosphates as well as Ca2+ and/or inositol polyphosphate-activated cation channels. In addition, there is evidence for odorant-modulated K+ and Cl conductances. Finally, in some species, ORNs can be inhibited by certain odorants. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the biophysical and electrophysiological evidence regarding the transduction processes as well as subsequent signal processing and spike generation in ORNs.
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K Sato and N Suzuki The contribution of a Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) conductance to amino-acid-induced inward current responses of ciliated olfactory neurons of the rainbow trout J. Exp. Biol., January 1, 2000; 203(2): 253 - 262. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Sanhueza and J. Bacigalupo Odor suppression of voltage-gated currents contributes to the odor-induced response in olfactory neurons Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, December 1, 1999; 277(6): C1086 - C1099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Murrell and D. D. Hunter An Olfactory Sensory Neuron Line, Odora, Properly Targets Olfactory Proteins and Responds to Odorants J. Neurosci., October 1, 1999; 19(19): 8260 - 8270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Kleene Both External and Internal Calcium Reduce the Sensitivity of the Olfactory Cyclic-Nucleotide-Gated Channel to CAMP J Neurophysiol, June 1, 1999; 81(6): 2675 - 2682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. R. Liman, D. P. Corey, and C. Dulac TRP2: A candidate transduction channel for mammalian pheromone sensory signaling PNAS, May 11, 1999; 96(10): 5791 - 5796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Bulger, J. H. von Doorninck, N. Saitoh, A. Telling, C. Farrell, M. A. Bender, G. Felsenfeld, R. Axel, and M. Groudine Conservation of sequence and structure flanking the mouse and human beta -globin loci: The beta -globin genes are embedded within an array of odorant receptor genes PNAS, April 27, 1999; 96(9): 5129 - 5134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C Vogler and D Schild Inhibitory and excitatory responses of olfactory receptor neurons of xenopus laevis tadpoles to stimulation with amino acids J. Exp. Biol., January 4, 1999; 202(8): 997 - 1003. [Abstract] [PDF]
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V. E. Dionne New Kid on the Block: A Role for the Na/Ca Exchanger in Odor Transduction J. Gen. Physiol., November 1, 1998; 112(5): 527 - 528. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. D. Munger, R. A. Gleeson, H. C. Aldrich, N. C. Rust, B. W. Ache, and R. M. Greenberg Characterization of a Phosphoinositide-mediated Odor Transduction Pathway Reveals Plasma Membrane Localization of an Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor in Lobster Olfactory Receptor Neurons J. Biol. Chem., June 30, 2000; 275(27): 20450 - 20457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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