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Physiol. Rev. 78: 53-97, 1998;
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PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS   Vol. 78 No. 1 January 1998, pp. 53-97
Copyright ©1998 The American Physiological Society

Regulation of the Cerebral Circulation: Role of Endothelium and Potassium Channels

FRANK M. FARACI AND DONALD D. HEISTAD

Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Center and Center on Aging, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa

Faraci, Frank M., and Donald D. Heistad. Regulation of the Cerebral Circulation: Role of Endothelium and Potassium Channels. Physiol. Rev. 78: 53-97, 1998. --- Several new concepts have emerged in relation to mechanisms that contribute to regulation of the cerebral circulation. This review focuses on some physiological mechanisms of cerebral vasodilatation and alteration of these mechanisms by disease states. One mechanism involves release of vasoactive factors by the endothelium that affect underlying vascular muscle. These factors include endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide), prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor(s). The normal vasodilator influence of endothelium is impaired by some disease states. Under pathophysiological conditions, endothelium may produce potent contracting factors such as endothelin. Another major mechanism of regulation of cerebral vascular tone relates to potassium channels. Activation of potassium channels appears to mediate relaxation of cerebral vessels to diverse stimuli including receptor-mediated agonists, intracellular second messengers, and hypoxia. Endothelial- and potassium channel-based mechanisms are related because several endothelium-derived factors produce relaxation by activation of potassium channels. The influence of potassium channels may be altered by disease states including chronic hypertension, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and diabetes.




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Angiotensin II Produces Superoxide-Mediated Impairment of Endothelial Function in Cerebral Arterioles
Stroke, August 1, 2003; 34(8): 2038 - 2042.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
S. Earley, A. Pastuszyn, and B. R. Walker
Cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase products contribute to attenuated vasoconstriction after chronic hypoxia
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H127 - H136.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
G. Yang, Y. Zhang, M. E. Ross, and C. Iadecola
Attenuation of activity-induced increases in cerebellar blood flow in mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H298 - H304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Psychosom. Med.Home page
J. R. Jennings
Autoregulation of Blood Pressure and Thought: Preliminary Results of an Application of Brain Imaging to Psychosomatic Medicine
Psychosom Med, May 1, 2003; 65(3): 384 - 395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 StrokeHome page
L. Cambj-Sapunar, M. Yu, D. R. Harder, and R. J. Roman
Contribution of 5-Hydroxytryptamine1B Receptors and 20-Hydroxyeiscosatetraenoic Acid to Fall in Cerebral Blood Flow After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Stroke, May 1, 2003; 34(5): 1269 - 1275.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
D. I. New, A. M. S. Chesser, R. C. Thuraisingham, and M. M. Yaqoob
Cerebral artery responses to pressure and flow in uremic hypertensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2003; 284(4): H1212 - H1216.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
G. G. Geary, J. N. Buchholz, and W. J. Pearce
Maturation depresses mouse cerebrovascular tone through endothelium-dependent mechanisms
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): R734 - R741.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 StrokeHome page
F. M. Faraci
Vascular Protection
Stroke, February 1, 2003; 34(2): 327 - 329.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S.-X. Wang, M. Ikeda, and W. B. Guggino
The Cytoplasmic Tail of Large Conductance, Voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (MaxiK) Channel Is Necessary for Its Cell Surface Expression
J. Biol. Chem., January 17, 2003; 278(4): 2713 - 2722.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Physiol.Home page
R E Haddock and C E Hill
Differential activation of ion channels by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)- and ryanodine-sensitive calcium stores in rat basilar artery vasomotion
J. Physiol., December 1, 2002; 545(2): 615 - 627.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
J. C. Frisbee, K. G. Maier, and D. W. Stepp
Oxidant stress-induced increase in myogenic activation of skeletal muscle resistance arteries in obese Zucker rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2160 - H2168.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
S. Earley and B. R. Walker
Endothelium-dependent blunting of myogenic responsiveness after chronic hypoxia
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2202 - H2209.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
B. Erdos, A. W. Miller, and D. W. Busija
Alterations in KATP and KCa channel function in cerebral arteries of insulin-resistant rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2472 - H2477.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Circ. Res.Home page
F. M. Faraci
nNOS-Containing Perivascular Nerves: Stranger by the Minute
Circ. Res., July 12, 2002; 91(1): 7 - 8.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
K. Niwa, K. Kazama, L. Younkin, S. G. Younkin, G. A. Carlson, and C. Iadecola
Cerebrovascular autoregulation is profoundly impaired in mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H315 - H323.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
N. S. Ningaraj, M. Rao, K. Hashizume, K. Asotra, and K. L. Black
Regulation of Blood-Brain Tumor Barrier Permeability by Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2002; 301(3): 838 - 851.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
L. J. Janssen
Ionic mechanisms and Ca2+ regulation in airway smooth muscle contraction: do the data contradict dogma?
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): L1161 - L1178.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 StrokeHome page
S. Chrissobolis and C. G. Sobey
Inhibitory Effects of Protein Kinase C on Inwardly Rectifying K+- and ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel-Mediated Responses of the Basilar Artery
Stroke, June 1, 2002; 33(6): 1692 - 1697.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
W. Long, L. Zhang, and L. D. Longo
Fetal and adult cerebral artery KATP and KCa channel responses to long-term hypoxia
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2002; 92(4): 1692 - 1701.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 StrokeHome page
G. H. Danton, R. Prado, B. D. Watson, and W. D. Dietrich
Temporal Profile of Enhanced Vulnerability of the Postthrombotic Brain to Secondary Embolic Events
Stroke, April 1, 2002; 33(4): 1113 - 1119.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
Y. Chu, D. D. Heistad, K. L. Knudtson, K. G. Lamping, and F. M. Faraci
Quantification of mRNA for Endothelial NO Synthase in Mouse Blood Vessels by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2002; 22(4): 611 - 616.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Anesth. Analg.Home page
K. Nagase, H. Iida, and S. Dohi
L-Arginine and Nitroglycerin Restore Hypercapnia-Induced Cerebral Vasodilation in Rabbits After its Attenuation by Ketamine
Anesth. Analg., April 1, 2002; 94(4): 954 - 958.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 StrokeHome page
G. C. Wellman, D. J. Nathan, C. M. Saundry, G. Perez, A. D. Bonev, P. L. Penar, B. I. Tranmer, and M. T. Nelson
Ca2+ Sparks and Their Function in Human Cerebral Arteries
Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 802 - 808.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 StrokeHome page
T. Horiuchi, H. H. Dietrich, K. Hongo, T. Goto, and R. G. Dacey Jr
Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide and Smooth Muscle Potassium Channels in Cerebral Arteriolar Dilation in Response to Acidosis
Stroke, March 1, 2002; 33(3): 844 - 849.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Physiol. Rev.Home page
R. J. Roman
P-450 Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid in the Control of Cardiovascular Function
Physiol Rev, January 1, 2002; 82(1): 131 - 185.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
K. Niwa, V. A. Porter, K. Kazama, D. Cornfield, G. A. Carlson, and C. Iadecola
Abeta -peptides enhance vasoconstriction in cerebral circulation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): H2417 - H2424.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
G. C. Wellman, L. Cartin, D. M. Eckman, A. S. Stevenson, C. M. Saundry, W. J. Lederer, and M. T. Nelson
Membrane depolarization, elevated Ca2+ entry, and gene expression in cerebral arteries of hypertensive rats
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): H2559 - H2567.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
D. H. Wright, D. Abran, M. Bhattacharya, X. Hou, S. G. Bernier, A. Bouayad, J.-C. Fouron, A. Vazquez-Tello, M. H. Beauchamp, R. I. Clyman, et al.
Prostanoid receptors: ontogeny and implications in vascular physiology
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2001; 281(5): R1343 - R1360.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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