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Physiol. Rev. 77: 591-625, 1997;
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Physiological Reviews, Vol 77, 591-625, Copyright © 1997 by American Physiological Society

JOURNAL ARTICLE

The stress response in fish

S. E. Wendelaar Bonga
Department of Animal Physiology, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

The stress response in teleost fish shows many similarities to that of the terrestrial vertebrates. These concern the principal messengers of the brain-sympathetic-chromaffin cell axis (equivalent of the brain-sympathetic-adrenal medulla axis) and the brain-pituitary-interrenal axis (equivalent of the brain-pituitary-adrenal axis), as well as their functions, involving stimulation of oxygen uptake and transfer, mobilization of energy substrates, reallocation of energy away from growth and reproduction, and mainly suppressive effects on immune functions. There is also growing evidence for intensive interaction between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system in fish. Conspicuous differences, however, are present, and these are primarily related to the aquatic environment of fishes. For example, stressors increase the permeability of the surface epithelia, including the gills, to water and ions, and thus induce systemic hydromineral disturbances. High circulating catecholamine levels as well as structural damage to the gills and perhaps the skin are prime causal factors. This is associated with increased cellular turnover in these organs. In fish, cortisol combines glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions, with the latter being essential for the restoration of hydromineral homeostasis, in concert with hormones such as prolactin (in freshwater) and growth hormone (in seawater). Toxic stressors are part of the stress literature in fish more so than in mammals. This is mainly related to the fact that fish are exposed to aquatic pollutants via the extensive and delicate respiratory surface of the gills and, in seawater, also via drinking. The high bioavailability of many chemicals in water is an additional factor. Together with the variety of highly sensitive perceptive mechanisms in the integument, this may explain why so many pollutants evoke an integrated stress response in fish in addition to their toxic effects at the cell and tissue levels. Exposure to chemicals may also directly compromise the stress response by interfering with specific neuroendocrine control mechanisms. Because hydromineral disturbance is inherent to stress in fish, external factors such as water pH, mineral composition, and ionic calcium levels have a significant impact on stressor intensity. Although the species studied comprise a small and nonrepresentative sample of the almost 20,000 known teleost species, there are many indications that the stress response is variable and flexible in fish, in line with the great diversity of adaptations that enable these animals to live in a large variety of aquatic habitats.


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Effects of sublethal ammonia exposure on swimming performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
J. Exp. Biol., January 8, 2001; 204(15): 2691 - 2698.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
A Lacoste, S. Malham, A Cueff, F Jalabert, F Gelebart, and S. Poulet
Evidence for a form of adrenergic response to stress in the mollusc Crassostrea gigas
J. Exp. Biol., January 4, 2001; 204(7): 1247 - 1255.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Arai, I. Q. Assil, and A. B. Abou-Samra
Characterization of Three Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in Catfish: A Novel Third Receptor Is Predominantly Expressed in Pituitary and Urophysis
Endocrinology, January 1, 2001; 142(1): 446 - 454.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Toxicol PatholHome page
E. J. Noga
Review Article: Skin Ulcers in Fish: Pfiesteria and Other Etiologies
Toxicol Pathol, November 1, 2000; 28(6): 807 - 823.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
C. Lethimonier, G. Flouriot, Y. Valotaire, O. Kah, and B. Ducouret
Transcriptional Interference Between Glucocorticoid Receptor and Estradiol Receptor Mediates the Inhibitory Effect of Cortisol on Fish Vitellogenesis
Biol Reprod, June 1, 2000; 62(6): 1763 - 1771.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
R. M. Sapolsky, L. M. Romero, and A. U. Munck
How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions
Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2000; 21(1): 55 - 89.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
M. Beaumont, E. Taylor, and P. Butler
The resting membrane potential of white muscle from brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to copper in soft, acidic water
J. Exp. Biol., January 7, 2000; 203(14): 2229 - 2236.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
S. Perry, C. Montpetit, and M Borowska
The effects of acute hypoxia on chemically or neuronally induced catecholamine secretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in situ and in vivo
J. Exp. Biol., January 5, 2000; 203(9): 1487 - 1495.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
Z Dang, R. Lock, G Flik, and S. Wendelaar Bonga
Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase immunoreactivity in branchial chloride cells of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to copper
J. Exp. Biol., January 1, 2000; 203(2): 379 - 387.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
J. H. Mol, W. Atsma, G. Flik, H. Bouwmeester, and J. W. Osse
Effect of low ambient mineral concentrations on the accumulation of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus by early life stages of the air-breathing armoured catfish Megalechis personata (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae)
J. Exp. Biol., August 1, 1999; 202(15): 2121 - 2129.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
Z. Dang, R. A. C. Lock, G. Flik, and S. E. W. Bonga
Metallothionein response in gills of Oreochromis mossambicus exposed to copper in fresh water
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): R320 - R331.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
Y.-S. Huang, K. Rousseau, M. Sbaihi, N. Le Belle, M. Schmitz, and S. Dufour
Cortisol Selectively Stimulates Pituitary Gonadotropin {beta}-Subunit in a Primitive Teleost, Anguilla anguilla
Endocrinology, March 1, 1999; 140(3): 1228 - 1235.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
C. A. Teitsma, I. Anglade, C. Lethimonier, G. Le Dréan, D. Saligaut, B. Ducouret, and O. Kah
Glucocorticoid Receptor Immunoreactivity in Neurons and Pituitary Cells Implicated in Reproductive Functions in Rainbow Trout: A Double Immunohistochemical Study
Biol Reprod, March 1, 1999; 60(3): 642 - 650.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
C. Montpetit and S. Perry
Neuronal control of catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
J. Exp. Biol., January 8, 1999; 202(15): 2059 - 2069.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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