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Physiol. Rev. 75: 487-517, 1995;
0031-9333/95 $15.00
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Physiological Reviews, Vol 75, 487-517, Copyright © 1995 by American Physiological Society

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Regulation of differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells

G. K. Owens
Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA.

The vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) in mature animals is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. The fully differentiated or mature SMC proliferates at an extremely low rate and is a cell almost completely geared for contraction. It expresses a unique repertoire of contractile proteins, ion channels, and signaling molecules that are required for its contractile function and that when taken in aggregate clearly distinguish it from any other cell type. During vasculogenesis, however, the SMC's principal function is proliferation and production of matrix components of the blood vessel wall. Moreover, even in mature animals, the SMC retains remarkable plasticity, such that it can undergo relatively rapid and reversible changes in its phenotype in response to changes in local environmental cues normally required for maintenance of its differentiated state. A key to understanding SMC differentiation is to identify the key environmental signals and factors that induce or maintain the differentiated state of the SMC and to determine the molecular mechanisms that control the coordinate expression of genes encoding for proteins that are necessary for the contractile function of the SMC. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the regulation of SMC differentiation, with a particular emphasis on consideration of how this process is controlled during normal vascular development and how these control processes might be altered in vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, which are characterized by marked alterations in the differentiated state of the SMC.


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 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
Vascular-wall remodeling of 3 human bypass vessels: organ culture and smooth muscle cell properties.
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., March 1, 2006; 131(3): 651 - 658.


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 Circ. Res.Home page
G. Loirand, P. Guerin, and P. Pacaud
Rho Kinases in Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology
Circ. Res., February 17, 2006; 98(3): 322 - 334.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Circ. Res.Home page
B. C. Isenberg, C. Williams, and R. T. Tranquillo
Small-Diameter Artificial Arteries Engineered In Vitro
Circ. Res., January 6, 2006; 98(1): 25 - 35.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
M. K. Wilkerson, T. J. Heppner, A. D. Bonev, and M. T. Nelson
Inositol trisphosphate receptor calcium release is required for cerebral artery smooth muscle cell proliferation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): H240 - H247.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Circ. Res.Home page
E. Miguel-Velado, A. Moreno-Dominguez, O. Colinas, P. Cidad, M. Heras, M. T. Perez-Garcia, and J. R. Lopez-Lopez
Contribution of Kv Channels to Phenotypic Remodeling of Human Uterine Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Circ. Res., December 9, 2005; 97(12): 1280 - 1287.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
R. H. P. Hilgers and R. C. Webb
Molecular Aspects of Arterial Smooth Muscle Contraction: Focus on Rho
Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 2005; 230(11): 829 - 835.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
L. Favot, S. M. Hall, S. G. Haworth, and P. R. Kemp
Cytoplasmic YY1 Is Associated with Increased Smooth Muscle-Specific Gene Expression: Implications for Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension
Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2005; 167(6): 1497 - 1509.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. Yamaguchi-Okada, S. Nishizawa, M. Koide, and Y. Nonaka
Biomechanical and phenotypic changes in the vasospastic canine basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage
J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2005; 99(5): 2045 - 2052.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
D. Rahmutula and D. G. Gardner
C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Down-Regulates Expression of Its Cognate Receptor in Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells
Endocrinology, November 1, 2005; 146(11): 4968 - 4974.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CirculationHome page
K. Matsuno, H. Yamada, K. Iwata, D. Jin, M. Katsuyama, M. Matsuki, S. Takai, K. Yamanishi, M. Miyazaki, H. Matsubara, et al.
Nox1 Is Involved in Angiotensin II-Mediated Hypertension: A Study in Nox1-Deficient Mice
Circulation, October 25, 2005; 112(17): 2677 - 2685.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
O. Shynlova, P. Tsui, A. Dorogin, M. Chow, and S. J. Lye
Expression and Localization of Alpha-Smooth Muscle and Gamma-Actins in the Pregnant Rat Myometrium
Biol Reprod, October 1, 2005; 73(4): 773 - 780.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. A. Deaton, C. Su, T. G. Valencia, and S. R. Grant
Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1-induced Expression of Smooth Muscle Marker Genes Involves Activation of PKN and p38 MAPK
J. Biol. Chem., September 2, 2005; 280(35): 31172 - 31181.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
P. Joubert, S. Lajoie-Kadoch, I. Labonte, A. S. Gounni, K. Maghni, V. Wellemans, J. Chakir, M. Laviolette, Q. Hamid, and B. Lamkhioued
CCR3 Expression and Function in Asthmatic Airway Smooth Muscle Cells
J. Immunol., August 15, 2005; 175(4): 2702 - 2708.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.Home page
L. Hecker, K. Baar, R. G. Dennis, and K. N. Bitar
Development of a three-dimensional physiological model of the internal anal sphincter bioengineered in vitro from isolated smooth muscle cells
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): G188 - G196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
L. V. G. Bosc, J. J. Layne, M. T. Nelson, and D. C. Hill-Eubanks
Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells and Serum Response Factor Cooperatively Regulate the Activity of an {alpha}-Actin Intronic Enhancer
J. Biol. Chem., July 15, 2005; 280(28): 26113 - 26120.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Histochem. Cytochem.Home page
B. Vrhovski, K. McKay, G. Schevzov, P. W. Gunning, and R. P. Weinberger
Smooth Muscle-specific {alpha} Tropomyosin Is a Marker of Fully Differentiated Smooth Muscle in Lung
J. Histochem. Cytochem., July 1, 2005; 53(7): 875 - 883.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio.Home page
R. Summer, D. N. Kotton, S. Liang, K. Fitzsimmons, X. Sun, and A. Fine
Embryonic Lung Side Population Cells Are Hematopoietic and Vascular Precursors
Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., July 1, 2005; 33(1): 32 - 40.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
Y. Honda, T. Kitano, F. Fukuya, Y. Sato, S. Iwama, T. Morie, and M. Notake
A Novel {alpha}v{beta}3 Integrin Antagonist Suppresses Neointima Formation for More Than 4 Weeks After Balloon Injury in Rats
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2005; 25(7): 1376 - 1382.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. Rzewuska-Lech, M. Jayachandran, L. A. Fitzpatrick, and V. M. Miller
Differential effects of 17{beta}-estradiol and raloxifene on VSMC phenotype and expression of osteoblast-associated proteins
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2005; 289(1): E105 - E112.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
R. Ginnan and H. A. Singer
PKC-{delta}-dependent pathways contribute to PDGF-stimulated ERK1/2 activation in vascular smooth muscle
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): C1193 - C1201.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
D. H. Damon
Sympathetic innervation promotes vascular smooth muscle differentiation
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): H2785 - H2791.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
N. Kaplan-Albuquerque, Y. E. Bogaert, V. Van Putten, M. C. Weiser-Evans, and R. A. Nemenoff
Patterns of Gene Expression Differentially Regulated by Platelet-derived Growth Factor and Hypertrophic Stimuli in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: MARKERS FOR PHENOTYPIC MODULATION AND RESPONSE TO INJURY
J. Biol. Chem., May 20, 2005; 280(20): 19966 - 19976.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
J. J. Tomasek, J. McRae, G. K. Owens, and C. J. Haaksma
Regulation of {alpha}-Smooth Muscle Actin Expression in Granulation Tissue Myofibroblasts Is Dependent on the Intronic CArG Element and the Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Control Element
Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2005; 166(5): 1343 - 1351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
O. W.H. van der Heijden, Y. P.G. Essers, G. Fazzi, L. L.H. Peeters, J. G.R. De Mey, and G. J.J.M. van Eys
Uterine Artery Remodeling and Reproductive Performance Are Impaired in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Deficient Mice
Biol Reprod, May 1, 2005; 72(5): 1161 - 1168.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol Hum ReprodHome page
F. Pelliccione, G. Cordeschi, M. Bocchio, M. Mancini, P. Sagone, F. Francavilla, G.M. Colpi, and S. Francavilla
Immunophenotypical characterization of contractile cells in caput epididymidis of men affected by congenital or post-inflammatory obstructive azoospermia
Mol. Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2005; 11(4): 289 - 294.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
A. Bergdahl, M. F. Gomez, A.-K. Wihlborg, D. Erlinge, A. Eyjolfson, S.-Z. Xu, D. J. Beech, K. Dreja, and P. Hellstrand
Plasticity of TRPC expression in arterial smooth muscle: correlation with store-operated Ca2+ entry
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): C872 - C880.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Liu, S. Sinha, O. G. McDonald, Y. Shang, M. H. Hoofnagle, and G. K. Owens
Kruppel-like Factor 4 Abrogates Myocardin-induced Activation of Smooth Muscle Gene Expression
J. Biol. Chem., March 11, 2005; 280(10): 9719 - 9727.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
J. G. R. De Mey, P. M. Schiffers, R. H. P. Hilgers, and M. M. W. Sanders
Toward functional genomics of flow-induced outward remodeling of resistance arteries
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1022 - H1027.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
G. Loirand, M. Rolli-Derkinderen, and P. Pacaud
RhoA and resistance artery remodeling
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1051 - H1056.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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