Physiol Rev Fuel your research with LabChart
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

Physiol. Rev. 75: 473-486, 1995;
0031-9333/95 $15.00
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Reaven, G. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Reaven, G. M.

Physiological Reviews, Vol 75, 473-486, Copyright © 1995 by American Physiological Society

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease

G. M. Reaven
Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine and Geriatric Research, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.

The ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake varies widely from person to person, and these differences, as well as how the individual attempts to compensate for them, are of fundamental importance in the development and clinical course of what are often designated as diseases of Western civilization. Evidence is presented that non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) results from a failure on the part of pancreatic beta-cells to compensate adequately for the defect in insulin action in insulin-resistant individuals. In addition, a coherent formulation of the physiological changes that lead from the defect in cellular insulin action to the loss in glucose homeostasis is presented. However, the ability to maintain the degree of compensatory hyperinsulinemia necessary to prevent loss of glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant individuals does not represent an unqualified homeostatic victory. In contrast, evidence is presented supporting the view that the combination of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia predisposes to the development of a cluster of abnormalities, including some degree of glucose intolerance, an increase in plasma triglyceride and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, high blood pressure, hyperuricemia, smaller denser low-density lipoprotein particles, and higher circulating levels of plaminogen activator inhibitor 1. The cluster of changes associated with insulin resistance has been said to comprise syndrome X, and all of the manifestations of syndrome X have been shown to increase risk of coronary heart disease. Thus it is concluded that insulin resistance and its associated abnormalities are of utmost importance in the pathogenesis of NIDDM, hypertension, and coronary heart disease.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
F. Dong, M. R. Kandadi, J. Ren, and N. Sreejayan
Chromium (D-phenylalanine)3 Supplementation Alters Glucose Disposal, Insulin Signaling, and Glucose Transporter-4 Membrane Translocation in Insulin-Resistant Mice
J. Nutr., October 1, 2008; 138(10): 1846 - 1851.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
K. S. Stote and D. J. Baer
Tea Consumption May Improve Biomarkers of Insulin Sensitivity and Risk Factors for Diabetes
J. Nutr., August 1, 2008; 138(8): 1584S - 1588S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Toxicol PatholHome page
D. A. Nugent, D. M. Smith, and H. B. Jones
A Review of Islet of Langerhans Degeneration in Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetes
Toxicol Pathol, June 1, 2008; 36(4): 529 - 551.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
J.-P. Despres, I. Lemieux, J. Bergeron, P. Pibarot, P. Mathieu, E. Larose, J. Rodes-Cabau, O. F. Bertrand, and P. Poirier
Abdominal Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution to Global Cardiometabolic Risk
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2008; 28(6): 1039 - 1049.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
D. K Layman, P. Clifton, M. C Gannon, R. M Krauss, and F. Q Nuttall
Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1571S - 1575S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.Home page
B. Qin, R. A. Anderson, and K. Adeli
Tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} directly stimulates the overproduction of hepatic apolipoprotein B100-containing VLDL via impairment of hepatic insulin signaling
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): G1120 - G1129.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. K. Coletta, B. Balas, A. O. Chavez, M. Baig, M. Abdul-Ghani, S. R. Kashyap, F. Folli, D. Tripathy, L. J. Mandarino, J. E. Cornell, et al.
Effect of acute physiological hyperinsulinemia on gene expression in human skeletal muscle in vivo
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2008; 294(5): E910 - E917.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
M. T. Gentile, C. Vecchione, G. Marino, A. Aretini, A. Di Pardo, G. Antenucci, A. Maffei, G. Cifelli, L. Iorio, A. Landolfi, et al.
Resistin Impairs Insulin-Evoked Vasodilation
Diabetes, March 1, 2008; 57(3): 577 - 583.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
Y. B. Sverrisdottir, T. Mogren, J. Kataoka, P. O. Janson, and E. Stener-Victorin
Is polycystic ovary syndrome associated with high sympathetic nerve activity and size at birth?
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2008; 294(3): E576 - E581.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart J SupplHome page
S. M. Grundy
A changing paradigm for prevention of cardiovascular disease: emergence of the metabolic syndrome as a multiplex risk factor
Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2008; 10(suppl_B): B16 - B23.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur Heart J SupplHome page
J.-P. Despres, P. Poirier, J. Bergeron, A. Tremblay, I. Lemieux, and N. Almeras
From individual risk factors and the metabolic syndrome to global cardiometabolic risk
Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2008; 10(suppl_B): B24 - B33.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
A. L Rodrigues, E. P G De Souza, S. V Da Silva, D. S B Rodrigues, A. B Nascimento, C. Barja-Fidalgo, and M. S De Freitas
Low expression of insulin signaling molecules impairs glucose uptake in adipocytes after early overnutrition
J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2007; 195(3): 485 - 494.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular DiseaseHome page
P. Margozzini, A. Rigotti, C. Ferreccio, N. Quezada, M. Garrido, and G. Valdes
Review: Hypertension and the cardiometabolic syndrome in Chile: a review of concepts and consequences for the developing world
Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, October 1, 2007; 1(1): 83 - 90.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
A. Andersson, S. Tengblad, B. Karlstrom, A. Kamal-Eldin, R. Landberg, S. Basu, P. Aman, and B. Vessby
Whole-Grain Foods Do Not Affect Insulin Sensitivity or Markers of Lipid Peroxidation and Inflammation in Healthy, Moderately Overweight Subjects
J. Nutr., June 1, 2007; 137(6): 1401 - 1407.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
X. Wang, Y. Cui, X. Tong, H. Ye, and S. Li
Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants at 72 Hours of Age
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 681 - 684.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Psychosom. Med.Home page
E. Goodman, S. R. Daniels, and L. M. Dolan
Socioeconomic Disparities in Insulin Resistance: Results From the Princeton School District Study
Psychosom Med, January 1, 2007; 69(1): 61 - 67.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
S Bertoli, P Magni, V Krogh, M Ruscica, E Dozio, G Testolin, and A Battezzati
Is ghrelin a signal of decreased fat-free mass in elderly subjects?
Eur. J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 155(2): 321 - 330.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
T. Kobayashi, Y. Hayashi, K. Taguchi, T. Matsumoto, and K. Kamata
ANG II enhances contractile responses via PI3-kinase p110{delta} pathway in aortas from diabetic rats with systemic hyperinsulinemia
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2006; 291(2): H846 - H853.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
C. M. Ferrara, A. P. Goldberg, H. K. Ortmeyer, and A. S. Ryan
Effects of aerobic and resistive exercise training on glucose disposal and skeletal muscle metabolism in older men.
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., May 1, 2006; 61(5): 480 - 487.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
J. Lopez-Soriano, C. Chiellini, M. Maffei, P. A. Grimaldi, and J. M. Argiles
Roles of Skeletal Muscle and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the Development and Treatment of Obesity
Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2006; 27(3): 318 - 329.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
A. Riboulet-Chavey, A. Pierron, I. Durand, J. Murdaca, J. Giudicelli, and E. Van Obberghen
Methylglyoxal impairs the insulin signaling pathways independently of the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species.
Diabetes, May 1, 2006; 55(5): 1289 - 1299.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Fallo, F. Veglio, C. Bertello, N. Sonino, P. Della Mea, M. Ermani, F. Rabbia, G. Federspil, and P. Mulatero
Prevalence and Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Primary Aldosteronism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2006; 91(2): 454 - 459.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
D. K. Layman and D. A. Walker
Potential Importance of Leucine in Treatment of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 319S - 323S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
M. L. Irwin, A. McTiernan, L. Bernstein, F. D. Gilliland, R. Baumgartner, K. Baumgartner, and R. Ballard-Barbash
Relationship of Obesity and Physical Activity with C-Peptide, Leptin, and Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Breast Cancer Survivors
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2005; 14(12): 2881 - 2888.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
L. A. Bazzano, M. Serdula, and S. Liu
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Diet and Lifestyle Modification
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2005; 24(5): 310 - 319.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
M. Galisteo, M. Sanchez, R. Vera, M. Gonzalez, A. Anguera, J. Duarte, and A. Zarzuelo
A Diet Supplemented with Husks of Plantago ovata Reduces the Development of Endothelial Dysfunction, Hypertension, and Obesity by Affecting Adiponectin and TNF-{alpha} in Obese Zucker Rats
J. Nutr., October 1, 2005; 135(10): 2399 - 2404.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
V. J Vieira, A. M Ronan, M. R Windt, and A. R Tagliaferro
Elevated atopy in healthy obese women
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2005; 82(3): 504 - 509.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
R. Kahn, J. Buse, E. Ferrannini, and M. Stern
The Metabolic Syndrome: Time for a Critical Appraisal: Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes
Diabetes Care, September 1, 2005; 28(9): 2289 - 2304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
R. A. Hegele and R. L. Pollex
Genetic and physiological insights into the metabolic syndrome
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): R663 - R669.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Epidemiol. Community HealthHome page
S. J Genuis
Nutritional transition: a determinant of global health
J. Epidemiol. Community Health, August 1, 2005; 59(8): 615 - 617.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
T. Kobayashi, T. Matsumoto, and K. Kamata
IGF-I-induced enhancement of contractile response in organ-cultured aortae from diabetic rats is mediated by sustained thromboxane A2 release from endothelial cells
J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2005; 186(2): 367 - 376.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Pediatr Adolesc MedHome page
V. Hirschler, C. Aranda, M. d. L. Calcagno, G. Maccalini, and M. Jadzinsky
Can Waist Circumference Identify Children With the Metabolic Syndrome?
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2005; 159(8): 740 - 744.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
A. K. Sista, M. K. O'Connell, T. Hinohara, S. S. Oommen, B. E. Fenster, A. J. Glassford, E. A. Schwartz, C. A. Taylor, G. M. Reaven, and P. S. Tsao
Increased aortic stiffness in the insulin-resistant Zucker fa/fa rat
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): H845 - H851.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. GenomicsHome page
O. Seda, F. Liska, D. Krenova, L. Kazdova, L. Sedova, T. Zima, J. Peng, K. Pelinkova, J. Tremblay, P. Hamet, et al.
Dynamic genetic architecture of metabolic syndrome attributes in the rat
Physiol Genomics, April 14, 2005; 21(2): 243 - 252.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
R. Pold, L. S. Jensen, N. Jessen, E. S. Buhl, O. Schmitz, A. Flyvbjerg, N. Fujii, L. J. Goodyear, C. F. Gotfredsen, C. L. Brand, et al.
Long-Term AICAR Administration and Exercise Prevents Diabetes in ZDF Rats
Diabetes, April 1, 2005; 54(4): 928 - 934.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Z. Liberman and H. Eldar-Finkelman
Serine 332 Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Attenuates Insulin Signaling
J. Biol. Chem., February 11, 2005; 280(6): 4422 - 4428.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
L. Cordain, S B. Eaton, A. Sebastian, N. Mann, S. Lindeberg, B. A Watkins, J. H O'Keefe, and J. Brand-Miller
Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2005; 81(2): 341 - 354.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. DiabetesHome page
A. Jessup and J. S. Harrell
The Metabolic Syndrome: Look for It in Children and Adolescents, Too!
Clin. Diabetes, January 1, 2005; 23(1): 26 - 32.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Psychosom. Med.Home page
E. Goodman, B. S. McEwen, B. Huang, L. M. Dolan, and N. E. Adler
Social Inequalities in Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescence
Psychosom Med, January 1, 2005; 67(1): 9 - 15.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Bitnun, E. Sochett, P. T. Dick, T. To, C. Jefferies, P. Babyn, J. Forbes, S. Read, and S. M. King
Insulin Sensitivity and {beta}-Cell Function in Protease Inhibitor-Treated and -Naive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2005; 90(1): 168 - 174.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
J. Chen, R. P. Wildman, L. L. Hamm, P. Muntner, K. Reynolds, P. K. Whelton, and J. He
Association Between Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in U.S. Nondiabetic Adults: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2960 - 2965.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
M. A. Pereira, J. Swain, A. B. Goldfine, N. Rifai, and D. S. Ludwig
Effects of a Low-Glycemic Load Diet on Resting Energy Expenditure and Heart Disease Risk Factors During Weight Loss
JAMA, November 24, 2004; 292(20): 2482 - 2490.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
C. Bouche, S. Serdy, C. R. Kahn, and A. B. Goldfine
The Cellular Fate of Glucose and Its Relevance in Type 2 Diabetes
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2004; 25(5): 807 - 830.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Lara-Castro and W. T. Garvey
Diet, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity: Zoning in on Data for Atkins Dieters Living in South Beach
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4197 - 4205.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. M. Witteles, W. H. W. Tang, A. H. Jamali, J. W. Chu, G. M. Reaven, and M. B. Fowler
Insulin resistance in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: A possible etiologic link
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 7, 2004; 44(1): 78 - 81.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. Iozzo, A. K. Turpeinen, T. Takala, V. Oikonen, J. Bergman, T. Gronroos, E. Ferrannini, P. Nuutila, and J. Knuuti
Defective Liver Disposal of Free Fatty Acids in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3496 - 3502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
D. Accili
Lilly Lecture 2003: The Struggle for Mastery in Insulin Action: From Triumvirate to Republic
Diabetes, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 1633 - 1642.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
K. A. Meckling, C. O'Sullivan, and D. Saari
Comparison of a Low-Fat Diet to a Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Risk Factors for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Free-Living, Overweight Men and Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2717 - 2723.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
K. Martin, P. Wallace, P. F. Rust, and W. T. Garvey
Estimation of Resting Energy Expenditure Considering Effects of Race and Diabetes Status
Diabetes Care, June 1, 2004; 27(6): 1405 - 1411.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Diabetes CareHome page
Y. Liao, S. Kwon, S. Shaughnessy, P. Wallace, A. Hutto, A. J. Jenkins, R. L. Klein, and W. T. Garvey
Critical Evaluation of Adult Treatment Panel III Criteria in Identifying Insulin Resistance With Dyslipidemia
Diabetes Care, April 1, 2004; 27(4): 978 - 983.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
R. C. Ho, O. Alcazar, N. Fujii, M. F. Hirshman, and L. J. Goodyear
p38{gamma} MAPK regulation of glucose transporter expression and glucose uptake in L6 myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): R342 - R349.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. Sartipy and D. J. Loskutoff
Expression Profiling Identifies Genes That Continue to Respond to Insulin in Adipocytes Made Insulin-resistant by Treatment with Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}
J. Biol. Chem., December 26, 2003; 278(52): 52298 - 52306.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
M. K. Song, I. K. Hwang, M. J. Rosenthal, D. M. Harris, D. T. Yamaguchi, I. Yip, and V. L. W. Go
Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity of Zinc Plus Cyclo (His-Pro) in Genetically Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki and Aged Rats
Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 2003; 228(11): 1338 - 1345.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black, W. C. Cushman, L. A. Green, J. L. Izzo Jr, D. W. Jones, B. J. Materson, S. Oparil, J. T. Wright Jr, et al.
Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1206 - 1252.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular DiseaseHome page
R. Gadsby
Review: Diabetic dyslipidaemia -- the case for using statins
The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, November 1, 2003; 3(6): 402 - 407.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 The Diabetes EducatorHome page
G. Kanzer-Lowis
Early Combination Therapy With a Thiazolidinedione for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
The Diabetes Educator, November 1, 2003; 29(6): 954 - 961.
[PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
M. Uusitupa, V. Lindi, A. Louheranta, T. Salopuro, J. Lindstrom, and J. Tuomilehto
Long-Term Improvement in Insulin Sensitivity by Changing Lifestyles of People with Impaired Glucose Tolerance: 4-Year Results From the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
Diabetes, October 1, 2003; 52(10): 2532 - 2538.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Intern MedHome page
L. A. Bazzano, J. He, L. G. Ogden, C. M. Loria, and P. K. Whelton
Dietary Fiber Intake and Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in US Men and Women: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study
Arch Intern Med, September 8, 2003; 163(16): 1897 - 1904.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
S. Sader, M. Nian, and P. Liu
Leptin: A Novel Link Between Obesity, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risk, and Ventricular Hypertrophy
Circulation, August 12, 2003; 108(6): 644 - 646.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
E. Farnsworth, N. D Luscombe, M. Noakes, G. Wittert, E. Argyiou, and P. M Clifton
Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2003; 78(1): 31 - 39.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. Ka