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Physiol. Rev. 73: 673-699, 1993;
0031-9333/93 $15.00
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Physiological Reviews, Vol 73, 673-699, Copyright © 1993 by American Physiological Society

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Protein serine/threonine phosphatases: structure, regulation, and functions in cell growth

M. C. Mumby and G. Walter
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.

It is clear that much remains to be discovered regarding the roles of protein phosphatases in mitogenic signaling pathways. The ability of okadaic acid to activate MAPK/ERKs demonstrates that alteration in serine/threonine dephosphorylation can have significant effects on common steps in growth stimulation induced by different types of mitogens. As in the case of cell cycle control, protein serine/threonine phosphatase plays a central role in the reentry of quiescent cells into the cycle. Because the only known targets of okadaic acid are the catalytic subunits PP1 and PP2A, these enzymes are crucial components of two basic functions carried out by cells: growth and division. Important and obligatory roles for PP2B, PP2C, and newly discovered serine/threonine phosphatases are also likely. However, the limited tissue distribution, unique regulatory properties, and limited substrate specificities of these forms suggest more specialized functions in restricted cell types. The available information on the specific functions of different forms of protein serine/threonine phosphatases, let alone their individual isoforms and different multimeric holoenzymes, is still severely limited. Years of biochemical characterization and cDNA cloning have left us with far more forms than functions. This has led to the gratifying situation, at least for the biochemists, in which genetics and cell biology identify protein phosphatases for which a wealth of biochemical information is already available. The appreciation of the importance of these enzymes in the coming years can only increase as the functions for individual forms are discovered.


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Alterations of the PPP2R1B gene located at 11q23 in human colorectal cancers
Gut, August 1, 2000; 47(2): 268 - 271.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
Z. Xu and B. R. G. Williams
The B56alpha Regulatory Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A Is a Target for Regulation by Double-Stranded RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase PKR
Mol. Cell. Biol., July 15, 2000; 20(14): 5285 - 5299.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
B. K. Taylor, T. D. Stoops, and A. D. Everett
Protein phosphatase inhibitors arrest cell cycle and reduce branching morphogenesis in fetal rat lung cultures
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, May 1, 2000; 278(5): L1062 - L1070.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JCBHome page
A. Bloecher and K. Tatchell
Dynamic Localization of Protein Phosphatase Type 1 in the Mitotic Cell Cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
J. Cell Biol., April 3, 2000; 149(1): 125 - 140.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Katayose, M. Li, S. W. K. Al-Murrani, S. Shenolikar, and Z. Damuni
Protein Phosphatase 2A Inhibitors, I1PP2A and I2PP2A, Associate with and Modify the Substrate Specificity of Protein Phosphatase 1
J. Biol. Chem., March 24, 2000; 275(13): 9209 - 9214.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Gallinat, S. Busche, M. K. Raizada, and C. Sumners
The angiotensin II type 2 receptor: an enigma with multiple variations
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2000; 278(3): E357 - E374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 GeneticsHome page
W. Jiang and R. L. Hallberg
Isolation and Characterization of par1+ and par2+: Two Schizosaccharomyces pombe Genes Encoding B' Subunits of Protein Phosphatase 2A
Genetics, March 1, 2000; 154(3): 1025 - 1038.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C. S. Moreno, S. Park, K. Nelson, D. Ashby, F. Hubalek, W. S. Lane, and D. C. Pallas
WD40 Repeat Proteins Striatin and S/G2 Nuclear Autoantigen Are Members of a Novel Family of Calmodulin-binding Proteins That Associate with Protein Phosphatase 2A
J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2000; 275(8): 5257 - 5263.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. I. Ludowyke, J. Holst, L.-M. Mudge, and A. T. R. Sim
Transient Translocation and Activation of Protein Phosphatase 2A during Mast Cell Secretion
J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2000; 275(9): 6144 - 6152.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
Z. Yan, S. A. Fedorov, M. C. Mumby, and R. S. Williams
PR48, a Novel Regulatory Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A, Interacts with Cdc6 and Modulates DNA Replication in Human Cells
Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 2000; 20(3): 1021 - 1029.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Cell Sci.Home page
P Yang, L Fox, R. Colbran, and W. Sale
Protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are located in distinct positions in the Chlamydomonas flagellar axoneme
J. Cell Sci., January 1, 2000; 113(1): 91 - 102.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Physiol. Rev.Home page
S. Herzig and J. Neumann
Effects of Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatases on Ion Channels in Excitable Membranes
Physiol Rev, January 1, 2000; 80(1): 173 - 210.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
X. Lin, R. A. Sikkink, F. Rusnak, and D. L. Barber
Inhibition of Calcineurin Phosphatase Activity by a Calcineurin B Homologous Protein
J. Biol. Chem., December 17, 1999; 274(51): 36125 - 36131.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Cieslik, C.-M. Lee, J.-L. Tang, and K. K. Wu
Transcriptional Regulation of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase by an Interaction between Casein Kinase 2 and Protein Phosphatase 2A
J. Biol. Chem., December 3, 1999; 274(49): 34669 - 34675.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 FASEB J.Home page
J.-P. LIU
Studies of the molecular mechanisms in the regulation of telomerase activity
FASEB J, December 1, 1999; 13(15): 2091 - 2104.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Yan and M. C. Mumby
Distinct Roles for PP1 and PP2A in Phosphorylation of the Retinoblastoma Protein. PP2A REGULATES THE ACTIVITIES OF G1 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES
J. Biol. Chem., November 5, 1999; 274(45): 31917 - 31924.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Ikebe, S. Reardon, T. Mitsui, and M. Ikebe
Role of the N-terminal Region of the Regulatory Light Chain in the Dephosphorylation of Myosin by Myosin Light Chain Phosphatase
J. Biol. Chem., October 15, 1999; 274(42): 30122 - 30126.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 FASEB J.Home page
J. S. FETROW, N. SIEW, and J. SKOLNICK
Structure-based functional motif identifies a potential disulfide oxidoreductase active site in the serine/threonine protein phosphatase-1 subfamily
FASEB J, October 1, 1999; 13(13): 1866 - 1874.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Plant Physiol.Home page
D. M. Harris, T. L. Myrick, and S. J. Rundle
The Arabidopsis Homolog of Yeast TAP42 and Mammalian alpha 4 Binds to the Catalytic Subunit of Protein Phosphatase 2A and Is Induced by Chilling
Plant Physiology, October 1, 1999; 121(2): 609 - 618.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
A. Woetmann, M. Nielsen, S. T. Christensen, J. Brockdorff, K. Kaltoft, A.-M. Engel, S. Skov, C. Brender, C. Geisler, A. Svejgaard, et al.
Inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A induces serine/threonine phosphorylation, subcellular redistribution, and functional inhibition of STAT3
PNAS, September 14, 1999; 96(19): 10620 - 10625.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
L. Rui, J. Herrington, and C. Carter-Su
SH2-B, a Membrane-associated Adapter, Is Phosphorylated on Multiple Serines/Threonines in Response to Nerve Growth Factor by Kinases within the MEK/ERK Cascade
J. Biol. Chem., September 10, 1999; 274(37): 26485 - 26492.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
R. Shtrichman, R. Sharf, H. Barr, T. Dobner, and T. Kleinberger
Induction of apoptosis by adenovirus E4orf4 protein is specific to transformed cells and requires an interaction with protein phosphatase 2A
PNAS, August 31, 1999; 96(18): 10080 - 10085.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
M. A. Movsesian
Beta-adrenergic receptor agonists and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors: shifting the focus from inotropy to cyclic adenosine monophosphate
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 1999; 34(2): 318 - 324.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
A. D. EVERETT, C. XUE, and T. STOOPS
Developmental Expression of Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Kidney
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 1999; 10(8): 1737 - 1745.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. P. Ruvolo, X. Deng, T. Ito, B. K. Carr, and W. S. May
Ceramide Induces Bcl2 Dephosphorylation via a Mechanism Involving Mitochondrial PP2A
J. Biol. Chem., July 16, 1999; 274(29): 20296 - 20300.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Cell Sci.Home page
D Lourim and G Krohne
Chromatin binding and polymerization of the endogenous Xenopus egg lamins: the opposing effects of glycogen and ATP
J. Cell Sci., June 14, 1999; 111(24): 3675 - 3686.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Beullens, A. Van Eynde, V. Vulsteke, J. Connor, S. Shenolikar, W. Stalmans, and M. Bollen
Molecular Determinants of Nuclear Protein Phosphatase-1 Regulation by NIPP-1
J. Biol. Chem., May 14, 1999; 274(20): 14053 - 14061.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
E. Ogris, X. Du, K. C. Nelson, E. K. Mak, X. X. Yu, W. S. Lane, and D. C. Pallas
A Protein Phosphatase Methylesterase (PME-1) Is One of Several Novel Proteins Stably Associating with Two Inactive Mutants of Protein Phosphatase 2A
J. Biol. Chem., May 14, 1999; 274(20): 14382 - 14391.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Kloeker and B. E. Wadzinski
Purification and Identification of a Novel Subunit of Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatase 4
J. Biol. Chem., February 26, 1999; 274(9): 5339 - 5347.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. Hsu, L. Zeng, and F. Costantini
Identification of a Domain of Axin That Binds to the Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase 2A and a Self-binding Domain
J. Biol. Chem., February 5, 1999; 274(6): 3439 - 3445.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. S. Westphal, R. L. Coffee Jr., A. Marotta, S. L. Pelech, and B. E. Wadzinski
Identification of Kinase-Phosphatase Signaling Modules Composed of p70 S6 Kinase-Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and p21-activated Kinase-PP2A
J. Biol. Chem., January 8, 1999; 274(2): 687 - 692.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Virol.Home page
R. Ruediger, K. Fields, and G. Walter
Binding Specificity of Protein Phosphatase 2A Core Enzyme for Regulatory B Subunits and T Antigens
J. Virol., January 1, 1999; 73(1): 839 - 842.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CROBMHome page
A.R. Kamer, L. Krebs, S.A. Hoghooghi, and C. Liebow
Proliferative and Apoptotic Responses in Cancers With Special Reference To Oral Cancers
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, January 1, 1999; 10(1): 58 - 78.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
U. V. Shenoy, E. M. Richards, X.-C. Huang, and C. Sumners
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis of Cultured Neurons from Newborn Rat Brain
Endocrinology, January 1, 1999; 140(1): 500 - 509.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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