TABLE 3.   Cytokine families Family Members Major Ascribed Actions Interleukins IL-1 to IL-18 Categorization as an IL does not imply function; IL have numerous and diverse immunoregulatory actions; some IL have clearly proinflammatory actions (e.g., IL-1, IL-1, IL-8, IL-9), whereas others have anti-inflammatory effects (e.g., IL-1ra, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). Many IL also induce systemic aspects of acute phase response (e.g., fever) Tumor necrosis factors TNF-, TNF- Tumor cytotoxicity; broad-ranging immunologic activities; induction of many other cytokines; immunostimulant; proximal mediator of inflammatory response Interferons IFN-, -, - Inhibit viral replication; regulation of specificity of immune responses Chemokines IL-8/cinc/gro/NAP-1,MIP-1, -, RANTES Chemotaxis; activation of cells at inflammatory sites Hematopoietins (neuropoietins) IL-6, CNTF, LIF, OM, IL-11, CT-1 All utilize gp130 receptor subunit for signaling; various actions on B cells and other immunoregulatory actions; promote survival of neurons Colony stimulating factors G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, SCF, IL-3, IL-5 Promotion of growth and differentiation of multipotential progenitor cells in bone marrow; increase numbers of, or enhance activity of, cells of granulocyte, macrophage, and eosinophil lineages Neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, GDNF, NT-3, NT-6 Neuronal growth and differentiation Growth factors IGF-I, IGF-II, EGF, aFGF, bFGF, PDGF, TGF-, TGF-, activin Cell growth and differentiation aFGF, acidic fibroblast growth factor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; cinc, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant; CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor; CT-1, cardiotropin-1; EGF, epidermal growth factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; GDNF, glial-derived neurotrophic factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; gro, growth-related oncogene; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IL, interleukin; IL-1ra, IL-1 receptor antagonist; IFN, interferon; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; M-CSF, macrophage colony stimulating factor; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; NAP, neutrophil activating protein; NGF, nerve growth factor; NT, neurotrophin; OM, oncostatin M; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; RANTES, regulated upon activation normal and secreted; SCF, stem cell factor; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.